A Soft Drink Tax According to John Stuart Mill Essay

The Coca-Cola brand has built itself into a staple of American culture. This is a terrifying thought for public health advocates who see Coke and other soft drinks as being major culprits behind a growing national health crisis. Empirical evidence shows that over-consumption of soft drinks clearly causes harm to the individuals who consume them, however, the waging battle over soda legislation will not be won on the grounds of health alone. The argument that Coca-Cola, Pepsi, and other soft drink firms present is deeply rooted in American values and cannot easily be trumped. What they argue for is freedom of choice. In his book On Liberty, John Stuart Mill states, â€Å"over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign† (9). If an individual chooses that he wants to drink soda pop, he should be allowed a high degree of liberty to make that decision. Such is the foundation of a soft drink firm’s purported right to exist. If consumers demand it, Coca-Cola executives will get as red in the face as their soda cans stating that they play an innocent and vital role in fulfilling that demand. One method through which public health advocates wish to regulate soft drinks is in the implementation of a soda tax. Advocates for such a tax may argue that individuals who harm themselves by overindulging in soda should be limited in their consumption. Since supply and demand are sensitive to market conditions, a tax would undoubtedly lower the quantity of soda demanded, particularly in low-income families where obesity and diabetes are most common. Mill claims that â€Å"to tax stimulants for the sole purpose of making them more difficult to be obtained is a measure differing only in degree from their entire prohibition, and would be justifiable only if that were justifiable. Every increase of cost is a prohibition to those whose means do not come up to the augmented price; and to those who do, it is a penalty laid on them for gratifying a particular taste† (99). Soft drink firms would cite Mill here in their argument that individuals’ â€Å"choice of pleasures and their mode of expending their income, after satisfying their legal and moral obligations to the State and to the individuals, are their own concern and must rest with their own judgment† (99). While Mill’s line of reasoning would appear to speak against a soft drink tax, he goes on to remind us that â€Å"taxation for fiscal purposes is absolutely inevitable†¦ It is hence the duty of the State to consider, in the imposition of taxes, what commodities the consumers can best spare†¦ [and] to select in preference those of which it deems the use, beyond a very moderate quantity, to be positively injurious† (100). Being that over-consumption of soda pop is certainly injurious to the consumer, and especially in light of the current economic downturn in this country, Mill would approve of a soft drink tax as an effective means through which to produce revenue for the State. While a tax on soft drinks would be permissible by Mill’s standards, some proponents of soft drink legislation would go so far as to ban their sale altogether. However, even if the vast majority of the public were motivated to impose such a ban, Mill would hesitate to condone such a severe form of coercion. The basis for Mill’s harm principle is that â€Å"the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any members of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others† (9). Although soft drink firms have a clear interest in â€Å"promoting intemperance† (99) in order to generate profit, those firms will argue fervently that the consumption of soda is not such a great evil that the State would be justified in â€Å"imposing restrictions and requiring guarantees which†¦ would be infringements of legitimate liberty† (99). Therefore, in order to present a stronger argument for a ban on soft drinks, advocates would do well to prove that in drinking soda pop, individuals cause harm not only to themselves, but also to others. To consume soft drinks to the point of excess can lead to the deterioration of an individual’s health. This may appear to be a self-regarding action until one considers the cost such individuals impose on taxpayers. Citizens whose unhealthy lifestyles regularly land them in the hospital eat up government health care, at which point their actions cease to be self-regarding and become harmful to society at large. With this in mind, are we still to protect individuals’ liberty to drink soda pop? Soft drink firms may point to Mill in arguing that the accountability for such harm lies not with soda, but with the society that raises gluttonous individuals. If grown people are incapable of properly taking care of themselves, society must consider that it â€Å"has had absolute power over them during all the early portion of their existence; it has had the whole period of childhood and nonage in which to try whether it could make them capable of rational conduct in life† (80). It is on this point that we must consider the role that mass media plays in the world today. The pervasiveness of corporate advertising in the U. S. manipulates children’s impressionable faculties of reason, subverting the ability of even responsible parents and educators to impart rational consumption habits on their young ones. Mill writes that he could not see how people could witness an act of self-harm and think it â€Å"more salutary than hurtful, since, if it displays the misconduct, it displays also the painful or degrading consequences which, if the conduct is justly censured, must be supposed to be in all or most cases attendant on it† (81). This argument is undermined by the fallacy of soft drink advertising, which positively portrays the act of drinking soda without showing the adverse long-term effects of its consumption. When a world-class athlete endorses soda pop, susceptible consumers, particularly children, are inclined to associate soft drinks with scoring goals and dunking basketballs rather than with cancer and heart disease. In arguing against the proliferation of soft drinks, one should appeal to a fundamental component of Mill’s doctrine, which states that his harm principle does not apply to â€Å"children or of young persons below the age which the law may fix as that of manhood or womanhood. Those who are still in a state to require being taken care of by others must be protected against their own actions as well as against external injury† (9). In other words; children do not have the maturity to make rational, informed decisions that lead to actions that could potentially cause them harm, for instance, the act of guzzling down a 99 cent Coke. The American Beverage Association would echo John Stuart Mill in saying that â€Å"human beings owe to each other help to distinguish the better from the worse, and encouragement to choose the former and avoid the latter† (74). It is their argument that parents and educators, not government, are responsible for dissuading children to consume soft drinks. Indeed, parents and educators can form a partnership in banning the sale of soft drinks in schools, but it is beyond their power to prevent a non-responsible child from seeing a deviously enticing soda ad on TV and irrationally choosing to spend his or her allowance on soda pop. Therefore, the State would be justified in regulating children’s access to soft drinks by legally coercing soft drink firms to discontinue their advertisements geared toward children, as well as by imposing a minimum age requirement for the purchasing of soft drinks.

Lying Essay

Consider thinking about the controversial issue on lying. People usually don’t particularly care about the little white lies, but lying is never a good solution in any situation, because whether it’s a small lie or a big lie, there is always some form of consequence to each and every fib. There are a few certain articles such as, â€Å"A Philosopher on Lying,† by Immanuel Kant who also believe lying should not be tolerated in any way. Just like in the article I mentioned earlier, â€Å"A Philosopher on Lying,† a German philosopher, Immanuel Kant, explains his point of view on lying. Every lie is dangerous; the size of the lie doesn’t matter. As Kant states in the article, â€Å"Don’t tell someone a lie, because then you are not treating the person with respect, as an individual.† If everyone would just imagine the person who they’re lying to, using that same lie towards themselves, they wouldn’t feel very good. If someone believes that the right thing to do is lie, no matter the situation, then everyone else should get the right to lie too. One lie leads to another in most cases, which turns into a huge mess of lies, and that could end up hurting everyone in the end. If someone lies to protect a friend or a family member, is it really being used in the proper situation? Well, it’s only going to hurt the person more in the end, rather than telling the truth in the beginning. If they attempt to keep in a big secret, especially from a close one, it may tear their relationship apart just knowing how long they kept that information from them. It would be much easier and highly worth it to just get the secret over with in the beginning. Keeping in a huge secret from someone has many bad side effects; however, people need to keep in mind that if that person kept something from them, they wouldn’t be happy either. According to an interview, â€Å"Brad Blanton: Honestly, Tell the Truth,† Blanton states that â€Å"Delivering the truth is easier, takes less time, and is less stressful.† Telling the truth sounds easier than it actually is; because action speaks louder than words. That is the main reason majority of people choose to lie. Many people disagree that every single small lie is a bad thing, because they don’t want to cause any pain or harm to the person they are fibbing to. According to the article, â€Å"It’s the Truth: Americans Conflicted about Lying,† Randy Cohen says that, â€Å"Not only is lying justified, it is sometimes a moral duty.† This basically states that people are only trying to protect loved ones from any serious harm. Lying is an issue that people have dealt with for as long as any living person could remember. It creates problems, and that’s pretty much it. I have never seen a lie that led someone to success and have it all work out in the end. Lying isn’t the right way to go, because someone will always suffer from some kind of consequence, big or small. It is much easier to tell the truth and get it over with, rather than keeping it away as a secret and end up spilling the truth out later. Fibbing is dangerous and always messes with peoples head, ending up in a line of regrets. If someone’s like me, lies almost never work out like how they’ll plan it in the end. Always tell the truth, because it gives respect, receives respect, and it’s definitely worth it in the end.

Icas Inkwell Essay

3.1.The weaknesses identifying in Inkwell Ltd are that one person operates the payroll system. Payroll and Personnel Database Clerk does not have enough experience and had only one day training to operate Sage. Employee is responsible for running two payrolls, a monthly payroll for management and salaries staff, and a weekly payroll for hourly paid staff. Recommendations to avoid errors and potential fraud are to appoint another person to overview and check the work. Another option is to employ second trained person or train one of the current employees to help Payroll and Personnel Database Clerk in duties, as well as replace in case of illness or holidays or to train one of the current employees from another department. 3.2.Company’s employees do not comply with the policy. Passwords are not kept secret and had not been changed since they were set-up. Every computer uses the same password. Unauthorised people have access to the computers, which may lead to fraud. Change the password on each computer and remind everyone to regularly change it, for instance, every six months. In addition, arrange a meeting with the staff and explain the policy with examples what may happen, if the staff does not comply with the policy. Point out that, if the rules continue to be broken, disciplinary actions would be taken. 3.3.Shops, warehouse and administration staff does not have system to sign in and out when arriving and leaving work. All wages paid rely on managers’ honesty to provide accurate and honest information. Recommendation is to purchase software, for instance ‘BePunctual Biometric Time and Attendance Tracking Software for Employee’. As well as set up a Network where all computers can be connected and data is available to other departments. 3.4.All computers in the company work as stand-alone. There is no network set-up to allow transfer of data, as well as access shared files in case of absence of the member of staff. Very useful would be to set-up a network connected by one server, when computers would integrate. This would save time on writing e-mails and copying data.

Ethical Case - Related to Accounting Principles & Adjusting Entries Essay

Ethical Case - Related to Accounting Principles & Adjusting Entries - Essay Example In order to report a higher current ratio than the actual value, the company’s chief financial officer omitted some items such the accrued salary payable and supplies for the period. Based on the short case, two discussions will be prepared. The first discussion concerns whether failure to make adjustment entries would lead to an improvement in the current ratio. The second analysis shows whether it is ethical for such omissions to be made, and the relevant accounting principle involved. The current ratio is used to measure the ability of the company to meet all the current obligations using the current assets, and without exhausting the available current assets. The current ratio is obtained using the following formula = (current assets/current liabilities). J’s Wedding Production required current ratio of 1.5 means that the company’s current assets should cover the current liabilities 1.5 times before they are exhausted. Similarly, the actual current ratio of the business, 1.4 means that the current assets could cover the current liabilities 1.4 times before they are exhausted. The accrued salary payable and the supplies used during the year are categorized under liabilities and current assets respectively (Kapil, 2011). Their omission reduces the reported total current responsibility and also increases the stated amount of inventories (current assets) for the company. The total current liabilities are a factor of the current ratio. That is, current ratio = (current assets/current liabilities). Therefore, if the current liabilities are reduced by eliminating some liability items (the accrued salary payable) and the current assets increased by included the amount of inventories used during the period, the numerator element is increased while the denominator part is reduced, thus, leading to high current ratio (Kapil, 2011). Various users use the accounting information for different purposes. The user is the investors, the employees,

Applying a leadership theory to the Qatar Fencing Federation Essay

Applying a leadership theory to the Qatar Fencing Federation - Essay Example Organisational culture is best defined as a set of beliefs and group values which serve as the underpinning for behavioural norms that drive actions of organisational members. Attitudes of employees and managers alike determine the culture of an organisation. When a group has established an organisational culture where all group members share similar sets of convictions, it is easier to create a team-focused organisation. When there is a culture where there is disparity in thinking and values, it can obstruct the achievement of goals and objectives. This is why transformational leadership is the most effective solution for the Federation. With the President, coaches, managers and players all having different personal objectives for what drives their actions, there is no ability to get everyone in the group to begin thinking and behaving along a set of established norms. Cohesive culture development requires routine communications between all group members, regularly remind the group of the organisation’s vision and mission, which in turn creates loyalty and support for the transformational leader. This is the essence of transformational leadership: ensure active participation and consultation among all group members, establish and consistently reiterate a mission and vision for the team, and use inspirational dialogue to motivate others to work cooperatively as a team; rather than just as a group.  The individual within the Qatar Fencing Federation that would be most viable as a transformational leader is one of the coaches.

The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act Essay

The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act - Essay Example These points of law will be discussed later. In the scenario presented we will discuss whether under the DVVA Maureen and Dan are likely to be convicted for causing or allowing the death of a child. The law states that in order to be guilty of the offence four criteria must be met. As Valerie was thrown against the wall and later died of brain damage at the hospital, we can reasonably infer that the medical findings will conclusively prove these injuries and therefore, her death, were a result of an unlawful act. The person or persons committing this act must according to subsections (i) and (ii), be members of the same household as Valerie and have had frequent contact with her. Maureen, Valerie's mother, was the leasee of the flat in which the victim resided and as her biological parent and raising the child it is obvious that both of these criteria were met. Dan, although not the biological father, he does reside and had been residing in the same residence at the time of the offence. Further he was assisting Maureen with rent payments. While cohabitating as husband and wife, a reasonable person would infer that Dan had frequent contact with Valerie as well. ... The person or persons committing this act must according to subsections (i) and (ii), be members of the same household as Valerie and have had frequent contact with her. Maureen, Valerie's mother, was the leasee of the flat in which the victim resided and as her biological parent and raising the child it is obvious that both of these criteria were met. Dan, although not the biological father, he does reside and had been residing in the same residence at the time of the offence. Further he was assisting Maureen with rent payments. While cohabitating as husband and wife, a reasonable person would infer that Dan had frequent contact with Valerie as well. At the time of Valerie's death, both Dan and Maureen were residing together and did have frequent contact with the victim. According to the Children and Young Persons Act 1993 and as further defined in the Children Act 1989.1 Although not the biological parent by nature of the relationship Dan did have a responsibility for Valerie. As explained further in LAWCOM 282 "A person who is presumed to be responsible for a child or young person by virtue of subsection (1)(a) shall not be taken to have ceased to be responsible for him by reason only that he does not have care of him"2 When the police arrived at the flat Dan stated he was sleeping woke to find Maureen standing over Valerie screaming. Maureen recounted that Valerie had been sleeping and she was in the bath at the time of the offence. Upon hearing the commotion when Dan awoke Valerie from her sleep causing the child to cry after which Dan picked up the child and threw her against Maureen, according to her statement to the police, rushed from the bathroom to find the child lying on the floor. Although each had in this

How to Drive a Teacher Crazy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How to Drive a Teacher Crazy - Essay Example If you were the smartest person in the class wouldn't you be teaching instead of learning In order to successfully drive a teacher crazy, therefore, a student must learn the valuable lesson that nothing causes madness in a teacher more than finding out they made the wrong career decision. The single most effective way to drive an algebra teacher crazy is to simply ask one question. This question can be asked, and probably should be asked, regardless of the problem. And that question is this: How can I use this in real life unless I am working for NASA, or as a writer on Futurama This question is guaranteed to drive any teacher of higher mathematics insane because, of course, nobody except rocket scientists or writers of Futurama ever need to know any kind of math beyond addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. By revealing the great secret of math in American education, that roughly .2% ever use this stuff in real life, you can guarantee that you will drive the teacher crazy because you are suggesting that they have wasted their life. A variation on this method of driving a math teacher crazy can be utilized to enforce the insanity of pretty much any other kind of teacher. A dividing line has always existed between what is useful in school and what is useful in life.

Corporate Social Responsibility Policy of Multi National Corporations Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility Policy of Multi National Corporations - Essay Example World Business Council for Sustainable Development defines Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as "The continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large." The European Commission advocates that CSR not only means fulfilling legal expectations, but also going beyond compliance and investing more into human capital, environment and relations with stakeholders." The need for Multi National Corporations to adopt Corporate Social Responsibility and implement it in spirit is immense in the current business scenario. The competition and corporate warfare in the business environment not only makes their focus very self-centered, but also robs them off all the attention they need to provide in the social context. It is this mad race, which needs to be controlled. It is because competition can catalyze the de-structuring of the social edifice based on values, morals and a sense of social responsibility. There have been grave losses to the environment, people and their lives as more and more MNCs are diversifying their areas and reach of operation. It is this concern that triggers a major thought process to streamline this chaos. Some method in this madness can only creep in if these big corporations begin to understand their role in a larger and more responsible perspective. The gamut of this perspective should not just limit to the stakeholders a lone, but involve the society as a whole. Survey of literature There have been many researches and studies on the concept of 'Corporate Social Responsibility'. There are many schools of thought on the subject. Some studies call CSR as an extension of the brand-building effort of the companies, while others attach a serious functional connotation to the concept. The Green Paper (2001) by the Commission of the European Communities identifies two main dimensions of CSR. One is the internal dimension that relates to the internal functions and processes of a company. The external dimension involves the external stakeholders. Several research-based studies have discussed the concept of 'Corporate Social Responsibility'. The different schools of thought explain it based on different experiences and consequences. One school of thought emphasizes on the model of collective action. According to Jarusri Jiravistakul of the Kenan Institute, who conducted studies on the collective action/institution model and its implementation in Thailand, Egypt and Indonesia the concept of CSR has succeeded in terms of business practices, environmental management and capacity development. This particular perspective talks about the operations of business enterprises as they affect a wide spectrum. The resources they make use of are not limited to those of the proprietors and the impact of their operations is felt by so many people who are in no way connected to them. They affect the shareholders, the suppliers of resources, the consumers, the local community and the society at large. George Goyder in The Future of Private Enterprise argues, "Industry in the twentieth century can no linger be

America's Post-Civil War Growing Pains Research Paper - 2

America's Post-Civil War Growing Pains - Research Paper Example irm understanding of the ways in which reconstruction affected the United States much necessarily break down into highly specialized examinations of key groups and individual changes as any broad judgments make the risk of glossing over the ways in which minor details worked together to create major differentials. As a function of this, this brief analysis will seek to answer the following 5 key questions with relation to reconstruction: identification and discussion of two major historical turning points during the Reconstruction period, the impact of these two major historical turning points on society, economy, culture, and politics, discussion of two ways the Reconstruction period may have been different had Lincoln lived, discussion of how industrialization and urbanization affected the life of the average working American, and two examples of how the federal and/or state courts and legislatures handed down decisions or passed laws during the period that served to discriminate a gainst non-white citizens and immigrants (Nilsson 2012). With reference to the first question, the two major historical turning points during the period under the Reconstruction can definitively be those of the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad and the dawn of the industrial period ushered in by the Gilded Age (Bentrix 2007). Both of these factors helped to represent newfound opportunities for a host of disenfranchised and downtrodden individuals who had seen the hope of a better life all but implode as a result of the Civil War. With respect to the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad, this enabled poorer families from back East to risk it all and move West in hopes of building a better life. In this way, the availability of the frontier was again able to absorb much of the historical difficulties that the American people had experienced. Secondly, the dawn of the industrial age helped to give a host of out of work farmers and others individuals well paying jobs

COMM480 QUIZ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

COMM480 QUIZ - Essay Example She is also responsible for assisting the International Students Association in its activities by coordinating transportation and booking venues. She is prepared to deal with anything that comes her way, as many international students require her expertise in applying for driver’s licenses, medical insurance, and travel documents. Although Nikki does much nitty-gritty work of taking care of everyone, she enjoys the rewarding experience. As the secretary of ISO, international students gravitate to the office and often share their stories with her. She feels that one of the most rewarding aspects of the job is having the chance to learn about all these different countries and cultures. â€Å"There was an Irish student a couple of years ago. Perhaps it is the fact that he came from a remote part of Ireland, but his hometown only eats food that are readily available. When he came to Albright, he was astonished by how common ice cream is and explained that ice cream was more of an occasional luxury.† Nikki recalls, â€Å"I was really surprised since I never expected ice cream to be so special.† Nikki said that her job allows her to connect with students on a more personal level since she helps with international students affairs. As a secretary, she can simply be a friend who is willing to listen and share your problems. She believes that international students can thrive in the close-knit community of Albright. Although many international students feel uncomfortable in the new environment and try to stay within their ethnic circles, Nikki encourages students to open up to ne culture and be confident in their English. â€Å"As long as you can take the initiative to try to interact with local students, you will enjoy your four years of college at Albright. After all, this is a once in a lifetime opportunity, as some of you might not come back to the United States afterwards and none of you will go to

International Information and E-Business Strategies Assignment

International Information and E-Business Strategies - Assignment Example In fact, the e-supply chain involves the integration or mixing of e-billing systems, e-procurement systems, and other tools related to e-business. It allows for the enhancement of the company, distributors, and suppliers’ ability to manage their specifications, costs, quantity, and delivery time of products with more productivity automatically. E-SCM is a business process driven by software, in which there is collaboration between suppliers and retailers to give the end customer the best value, as well as to reduce costs (Aka?Li 2011, p. 55). Advanced software solutions and the internet enhance SCM partnering benefits where, through SCM collaboration, the suppliers are able to access retailer logistics and inventory data to meet inventory demands and respond to customized orders efficiently. By developing and using E-SCM, Coimbra Company will have the ability to co-ordinate warehousing and delivery, and improve their reliability and speed to their distributors and improving co mpetitive advantage (Weele 2010, p. 83). By deciding on the development and building of a platform for e-commerce, Coimbra Company has been building on its B2B and B2C platforms. During the period that Coimbra will build its B2C platform, it will apply e-commerce in its discount stores, specialty stores, and supermarkets. B2B e-supply chain management will also be built step by step and will become the keystone in the development of e-supply chain management development in the future. Coimbra will use some strategies in its implementation of e-supply chain management, for example, through ensuring it has good relationships with suppliers and customers with the latter being covered through CRM. Through... By developing and using E-SCM, Coimbra Company will have the ability to co-ordinate warehousing and delivery, and improve their reliability and speed to their distributors and improving competitive advantage (Weele 2010, p. 83). By deciding on the development and building of a platform for e-commerce, Coimbra Company has been building on its B2B and B2C platforms. During the period that Coimbra will build its B2C platform, it will apply e-commerce in its discount stores, specialty stores, and supermarkets. B2B e-supply chain management will also be built step by step and will become the keystone in the development of e-supply chain management development in the future. Coimbra will use some strategies in its implementation of e-supply chain management, for example, through ensuring it has good relationships with suppliers and customers with the latter being covered through CRM. Through the application of advanced technologies into their IT management, in which all members of their ch ain of supply can acquire the most recent raw data to enable them to co-ordinate plans, while also offering timely information that will better satisfy the demands from their partners.  By sharing information through their e-SCM with their trade partners, Coimbra and their partners can depend on one another and allows them to be more cooperative and collaborative. By integrating their supply chain and customer relationship management, Coimbra can offer gifts to customers and adjust advice and complaints in a timely fashion.

Treatment of Tb Essay Example for Free

Treatment of Tb Essay Tuberculosis, they say, is a disease of the poor and truly it is a disease that puts us high above other nations in the world. We are currently among the 22nd high TB burdened countries and are under the WHO TB watch list. Tuberculosis is such a problem for us. Imagine, 75 of our fellowmen die each day because of TB. Tuberculosis, however, is not a terminal disease. Before, people thought once you have TB you’ll just die not cured with the disease. But now, it is actually very curable. Our government, in addressing to this dreaded disease, formulated the National Tuberculosis Program or NTP. This program envisions our nation as a country where TB is no longer a public health problem. The goal therefore is to reduce the prevalence and mortality from TB by half by the year 2015. Now, this is where DOTS comes in. At first, I thought DOTS is just about making sure that the patient is really taking in his TB regimens – like literally swallowing the medicines on schedule. It, however, is not just as simple as that. DOTS or Direct Observed Treatment, Short-Course is the WHO-recommended strategy for diagnosis, treatment and management of TB. Since TB is curable, the WHO believes that the best way to cure TB is through DOTS. It is a health strategy made up of five important components: Political Commitment for TB Control; Facilities for Microscopic Diagnosis of Sputum Positive Smear Patient; Unlimited Supply of Good Quality Anti-TB Drugs; Direct Observation of Therapy; and, Good Record Keeping. Through these components, it is made sure that the program is managed properly and that the sputum microscopy is of good quality. The program is embraced by the government and made sure it is implemented. Health professionals are taught and trained well on the importance of the program, precautionary measures, how to deal with the TB patient, and, most importantly, on the proper identification and reporting of sputum microscopy results. There is therefore uniformity in the reporting of laboratory results. The government has also allotted a specific monetary budget for the services of the health professionals under this program. There is also the regular supply of drugs, not only just drugs but medications that are of good quality and recommended by the WHO. More importantly, these drugs are FREE! All the patient has to do is to comply with the treatment. But, there are still patients who are, well, â€Å"human† – remarkably wise, talented entrepreneur (because some sell their TB medicines to others who also present with TB symptoms as they have). They have a mind of their own; they have their own treatment strategy. These make TB treatment difficult and pose threat on the development of resistant organisms because the medications are not taken on proper dosage and duration. It is because of this that there is this 4th element of the DOTS strategy – the direct observation of the treatment partner (treatment partners could either be a Staff of the Health Center, Member of the Community , or Member of the patient’s family (last priority)) of the patient taking in the TB medications. With good record keeping, the patients are properly monitored and followed up wherever they may be in the country. With just one missed appearance on treatment appointments, the in-charge health partner is alerted. There’s no reason at all for non compliance. What is more wonderful with DOTS in our country is that we have this PPMD or the Private – Public Mixed DOTS. This is very important because even the private health institutions apply DOTS so that wherever may the patient consult he or she is directed to the same treatment strategy for TB which ensures patient receives proper treatment and program benefits. Upon enrollment with the DOTS program, there is an allotted box of medications both for the intensive phase and the maintenance phase – the Stop TB Kit. With those new pulmonary smear positive cases and new seriously ill pulmonary smear negative cases, the intensive treatment is made up of four regimens: Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol. The number of capsules taken will depend on the weight of the patient (since usually the four drugs mentioned are formulated on a single capsule). Like for example, a patient weighing between 38-54 kg will be taking 3 tablets each appointment time with the treatment partner. The intensive treatment lasts for 2 months then a sputum smear will be requested. If patient is still sputum AFB smear positive there will be a month extension for the intensive phase. Afterwhich is the 4 months of maintenance phase. The regimen usually is composed of Isoniazid and Rifampicin. The kind and number of treatment regimens for tuberculosis is such because the TB bacilli, although TB is curable, is very difficult to eradicate and are prone to resistance. This is also why compliance is very important to prevent further development of resistant organisms. Whenever there are MDR TB patients (Multi Drug Resistant TB), they are referred to a higher center in Manila. There, patients are housed for 24 months, still free treatment. I think each MDR patient is budgeted with 500 1 million pesos such a huge amount. It is important therefore for us to prevent the development of such resistant organisms if we want our taxes serve the majority and give us better lives. Through the exposures regarding the DOTS, I now have a great appreciation for this program of the government. Whenever I will have an encounter with a possible TB patient, I could confidently refer him to a DOTS facility. I am hoping that we will truly be able to achieve our vision with regards to tuberculosis control as a nation.

The impact of the Industrial Revolution

The impact of the Industrial Revolution This investigation examines the effects of the Industrial Revolution from years 1780 to 1840 on the laissez-faire attitude of the British government. This investigation focuses on how the Industrial Revolution benefited from the existence of the laissez-faire attitude in Great Britain during the late 18th century and then contributed to its demise by the mid-19th century. This investigation highlights why the hands-off approach and the lack of government involvement and oversight in economic development helped the explosive growth of industry. It only focuses on Great Britain, which is considered the Industrial Revolutions birthplace, not other European countries nor the United States. The researcher will use various printed texts and internet sources as evidence to address this investigation. In this investigation, two sources are evaluated. The Silent Revolution: The Industrial Revolution in England as a Source of Cultural Change written by John Walter Osborne and The First Industrial Revolution written by Phyllis M. Deane are two sources assessed with their origins, purposes, values, and limitations. B. Summary of Evidence From medieval times there had been strict regulation in Britain on wages, employment, training (apprenticeship), industrial location, prices, and commerce. By the mid-17th century, these regulations were difficult for the government to enforce due to new industries and expanded trade.  [1]  Therefore, the restrictions were ineffective and suspended. For more than a hundred years before the Industrial Revolution, the State was in retreat from the economic field.  [2]  There was the fact that a large number of restrictions on economic activity and on the free-flow of trade were reduced or removed.  [3]   Prior to the Industrial Revolution, governments were primarily structured to keep peace at home and to defend the country against foreign enemies. The function of government was administration, not legislation.  [4]  The central government administration in Britain was small compared to modern standards. As late as 1833 the Home Office employed only 30 persons and the Board and Trade, 20. So limited were its activities that the central government consisted mainly of customs officials and excise menà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ And nothing was as yet done on a national level concerning health, education, or poor relief.  [5]   Adam Smith, a Scottish economist in the mid-late 1700s, strongly opposed any government interference in business affairs. He and his followers heavily influenced the adaptation of laissez-faire government and used the doctrine of the invisible hand to justify free trade. Trade restrictions, minimum wage laws, and product regulation were all viewed as detrimental to a nations economic health.  [6]  The philosophy of laissez-faire, the view that the business of government was to leave things alone, and adopted whole-heartedly the view that the unrestricted operation of private enterprise was the most effective way of securing the maximum rate of economic growth.  [7]   The triumph of laissez-faire in the 19th century is the retreat from protectionism and the adoption of a free trade policy.  [8]  Due to limited government regulation and intervention, innovation was accelerated. In England, factory owners had access to the natural resources necessary for the mass production of goods and a willing workforce. Employers were able to offer low wages for long hours because of the sizable poor population.  [9]   In the 1830s and 1840s, and still more in the 1850s, the State was steadily taking responsibility for wider and wider control of private enterprise in the interest of society as a whole.  [10]  Even though the laissez-faire attitude of the British government which took hold in the mid-18th century spurred the growth of the industrial revolution, it was the revolution itself which brought the laissez-faire movement to an end. The industrial revolution changed every aspect of society in Britain. Migration from small rural villages to urban cities took place. Living conditions were poor for the working class and their newly concentrated population increased awareness of their struggles. Prior to this urbanization of the population, society was not focused on the health and welfare of the general population. Around this time, the appeal of ethics and moral philosophy began to take hold.  [11]  With this new focus, pressure was put on the government to address the issues of the po or. This caused the government to get involved and no longer allowed for a hands-off policy. The decline of laissez-faire attitudes, corruption in government, growth of political parties, public opinion, and increased efficiency of legislative activity were in varying degrees caused by industrialism. C. Evaluation of Sources The First Industrial Revolution written by Phyllis Deane published in 1980 provides useful insight for the historian into the role of the British government during the British Industrial Revolution. Phyllis Deane is a professor of economic history at the University of Cambridge and a fellow of Newnham College who references many other historians in her work. The sources purpose is to describe how the British government functioned throughout the Industrial Revolution and how it took on the philosophy of laissez-faire. This books values are that it allows for a thorough understanding of how the British government removed many restrictions on economic activity to go along with its laissez-faire attitude. It also references Adam Smith and the beginning of the laissez-faire ideology stating how the business of government is to leave things alone. However, a limitation to this source is that the authors references are limited to writings from the twentieth century and do not include works from the Industrial Revolution time period. The Silent Revolution: The Industrial Revolution in England as a Source of Cultural Change written by John Walter Osborne, published in 1970, is another beneficial source for the historian. John W. Osborne is a history professor at Rutgers University who specializes in modern Europe and nineteenth century Britain. This sources purpose is to depict changes in Britain from before and after the Industrial Revolution. It also parades how the laissez-faire philosophy took on by the government influenced this change. A value of this source is that it gives the perspective of a historian who contrasts Britain before and after the Industrial Revolution and provides specific details of what the British government believed at the time. A limitation to this source is that the author is interested in a broad range of social impacts and is not entirely focused on the impact that the Industrial Revolution had on government. D. Analysis Prior to Britains industrial revolution (1760 to 1830) government and society overall had very different characteristics. Britain had been a primarily agricultural economy with the textile industry being mainly small, independent businesses. With the Industrial Revolution, communities transitioned from rural to urban. There was great upheaval caused by this change. While the Industrial Revolution brought positive changes, the benefits were usually seen by the upper class who took advantage of the new means of industry. In contrast with the positive changes, many individuals found themselves disadvantaged by the loss of their livelihoods at their traditional crafts. The population growth, overcrowding, and squalid living circumstances in cities where the jobs could be found were only compounded by the lack of compassion for the lower class.  [12]   It is well documented that a laissez-faire attitude existed in the British government at the end of eighteenth century. With the explosive growth of industry, government oversight was not possible. The government did not have the resources to regulate private commerce. At this time, there was also resistance to government involvement since government involvement was perceived as a hindrance and would have impaired prosperous growth. The idea of government being responsible for the welfare of its citizens did not exist at that time and helping people living in poverty was not seen as responsibility of the government. The laissez-faire attitude promoted by leaders and economists, such as Adam Smith, kept government out of private industry during the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Without government intervention, private corporations were able to set their own standards. The driving incentive for these industries was profit. Due to the absence of guidelines, working conditions were poor and minimum wages were usually nonexistent. The rapid changes occurring during the Industrial Revolution greatly influenced all aspects of British life including the view of the role of government. It brought about new concepts on how society should behave. It is due to these changing perceptions that by the 1820s parliament passed a large volume of economic and social legislation.  [13]  It is based on this evidence that the Industrial Revolution brought to an end the British governments laissez-faire attitude. Government began to intervene in the behavior of private enterprise at the local level in the urban areas where social problems were the most extreme. It was particularly true when government stepped in to address problems of sanitation and town improvement and was particularly necessary when regulating land lords and builders who did not have the interests of the overall community in mind.  [14]   In addition to government intervention due to health issues, the government was beginning to be pressured by the growing voice of the working class who were petitioning for safer and fairer working conditions. The growth of public opinion was brought about by technical improvements of the steam powered newspaper presses which increased circulation.  [15]  This raised the awareness of poor living conditions and unfair practices in the workplace. The sources utilized in this investigation were written by researchers who employed a wide variety of material when developing their publications. The materials ranged from earlier twentieth century analyses of the Industrial Revolution and back to writings from the time period of the Industrial Revolution. It is through their in-depth analysis and interpretation that the researcher can gain an understanding of the impact of the Industrial Revolution. E. Conclusion At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution a laissez-faire attitude existed. The changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution shifted the behavior of the British political system away from their hands-off philosophy. While the Industrial Revolution brought about great innovation, it made more acute the issues of poverty and poor working conditions. The Industrial Revolution influenced changes to the role of the government and was responsible for the social and economic legislation passed in the first half of the nineteenth century. Instead of allowing industry to run without oversight and pursue profit at the expense of society, regulations were enacted which resulted in improved living conditions for the working class. This change to government after Britains Industrial Revolution is the basis for modern-day government. F. List of Sources Adam Smiths Laissez-Faire Policies. The Victorian Web: An Overview. Accessed November 29, 2011. http://www.victorianweb.org/economics/laissez.html. Ashton, T. S. The Industrial Revolution, 1760-1830. London: Oxford University Press, 1948. British Industrial Revolution. Clemson University. Accessed November 29, 2011. http://www.clemson.edu/caah/history/FacultyPages/PamMack/lec122sts/hobsbawm2.html. Deane, Phyllis M. The Role of Government. In The First Industrial Revolution, 219-37. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Miller, James. The 1800s. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2001. Osborne, John W. The New Politics: The Growth of Legislation. In The Silent Revolution: the Industrial Revolution in England as a Source of Cultural Change, 85-105. Scribner, 1970. Word Count: 1945

Effects of globalization on supply chain management

Effects of globalization on supply chain management Executive Summery This report evaluates and analyses the effects of globalization on supply chain management (SCM). on the other hand it depicts the reconfiguration of business Further more it reveals supply chain management with five different drivers and those are Production, Inventory, Location, Transportation and Information. Production is first driver in supply chain management which describe Dell production system. Second driver in supply chain management is Inventory, which has explained with the help of Hewlett Packard. Where as third driver in supply chain management is Location, which tells about Toyota, world wide manufacturing operation. Transportation is fourth driver, which discussed about FedEx. and last driver in supply chain management is Information, which has explained by Procter Gamble. 1.GLOBALIZATION â€Å"Globalization is defined as set of beliefs that foster a sense of connectivity interdependence and integration in the world community the towers of globalization are open trade and vital civil and legal institutions that uphold individual and group rights while facilitation social and economic integration†(Christopher, 2005). Globalization is a set up a world community that is prosperous and tolerant, and on process that enhances and strengthens global understanding and improves the quality and effectiveness of business, professional, and personal interactions through unrestricted access to world commodities, technology, and information. â€Å"Globalization is not synonymous with trade volume and export profits, it is an orientation that seeks to enhance and strengthen global understanding and effective business, professional and personal interactions† (Larsen, 2007). Naturally question arises in our mind what are the reasons for globalization? A company explores global production for a variety of reasons. While there are costs associated with managing and operating a multinational organization, many companies pursue global production because it offers several benefits (1-a) Access to cheaper labour and operation costs is one of the most common reasons for location production facilities overseas, labour rates vary considerably among nations. Therefore, for many specific types of production activities, it is cheaper for companies to produce overseas than to extend in their home countries. For many specific types of production activities, it is cheaper for companies to produce overseas than to expand in their home countries. For example, many manufacturing facilities have been set up in china and Bangladesh to take advantage of those countries, lower labour costs. Similarly, many telephone and internet-based customer support centres have been established in India during recent years of lower operating costs. (1-b) Sometimes, companies locate their facilities in another country to get access to the knowledge and skills of people in that country. For example, many information technology-based operations have recently been established in several eastern European countries and in India because of the vast pool of highly skilled workers in those areas. It should be noted that access to knowledge and skill does not necessarily come at lower cost. Switzerland, Germany, and Japan are examples of countries where companies locate facility to get access to populations who are highly skilled in financial services, engineering and technology, even though the labour costs are higher. (1-c) Yet another reason for globalization of industries involves access to resources, certain parts of the world are rich in natural resources. For example, many of the minerals-based in south American countries, which have some of the words largest mining industries. (1-d) Globalization also allows companies access to new markets, by locating facilities in new countries firms can market their products and services to a new set of customers. Therefore, firms always look for growth opportunities abroad. For example, we can see the outlets of many well -known America brands. For examples McDonalds, Marriott, and Star bucks around the world. (1-e) Facilities at strategic international locations can also reduce logistics and distribution cost. A foreign location can become a hub for distribution of a firms products to markets in the neighbouring region. For example, apple, Sony, and other electronics producers operate distribution and warehousing facilities at various strategic locations in north America, Europe, Asia and the rest of the world. (1-f) Sometimes firms locate their facilities internationally to take advantage of tax and financial incentives provided by local governments. To encourage development, many emerging nations have established â€Å"tax-free production zones† within their borders. The companies operating within these zones get significant tax rebates and access to cheaper capital. For example, the software development facilities of many international firms are located in SEEPZ,(Santacruz electronics export processing zone) Mumbai, India. because of very attractive tax incentives provided by the local government. (1-g) Finally, firms also locate internationally for political and industry-specific reasons. For example, by locating a production facility in a country, providing employment, and participating in various community activities, a firm can slowly become â€Å"local† rather than stay a â€Å"foreign† entity. For example, Holden cars are commonly considered to be Australian, but they have been part of the general motors family since the 1920s. (2)RECONFIGURE Today, many multinational companies have reconfigured their supply chan. Their are many reasons behind this, such as advance ICT (information and communication technology), increased focus on market requirements, global rivalry, development in international fright transport system, global rivalry etc. Market requirements obliges the companies to reconfigure their supply chains and increased pressure on time to delivery requires organisation to be in close immediacy to their consumers, not necessarily in terms of physical distance, but in terms of time twenty four hours lead time demands world for example, such type of condition quite normal in several industries. so these conditions indicates that, organisation need to have reconfigure their distribution centres structure in order to meet requirements. In few industries, for example electronic and automobile industries, the focal company requires inventory close to the focal companys assembly plants. on the other hand, organisation a re moving their manufacturing plants to low-cost countries, in order to be more cost-efficient. Further more, global rivalry has forced the organisations to relocate their distribution centres and manufacturing operations in order to be both cost efficient and competitive. for example, most of the fashion and shoe industries have moved their manufacturing plant toward East. Regarding automobile industry, German car manufactures has step by step moved to south Africa, Czech republic, Hungary, Poland. logistics. Logistics postponement highlights that few regional distribution centre to single distribution centre to centralization of inventory, until the actual order received. full postponement is the delay of manufacturing until the order received and after the assembly process. At this stage, the finished goods are shipped by rapid distribution to the customers. The customized products are shipped directly to the customers. â€Å"Postponement of production or logistics is a strategy, which can be achieve flexibility and rapid response when addressing changes demand. Production postponement means that modular components are produced according to forecasts, and then assembled, packaged or otherwise completed at a point downstream in the supply chain, closer to the customer. Example at the logistic centre of a third party† (Shah, 2009). (3) SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT â€Å"Supply management is the coordination of production, inventory, location, transportation, information among the participants in a supply chain to achieve the best of responsiveness and efficiency for the market being served† (Brindley,2005). Difference between traditional logistics and supply chain management Supply chain management  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Traditional logisticsSupply chain management covers all traditional activities and also includes activities such as customer service, promotion, funding, new merchandise development,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Its concentrate on activities like procurement, distribution, maintenance, and inventory managementSupply chain refer to integration of organisations that coordinate their actions and work together to distribute a merchandise, to marketplace. Traditional logistics occurs within the boundaries of a single organization (4) FIVE MAJOR SUPPLY CHAIN DRIVERS The right combination of responsiveness and efficiency in each of these drivers allows a supply chain to â€Å"increase throughout while simultaneously reducing inventory and operating expense† (Cohen,2005). (4.1) Production It is first driver is supply chain management. Production is the strength of supply chain regarding to constructing and accumulating products. Production services are warehouse and factories. if warehouses and factories are built with a lot of excess capacity, then its become very easy to organisations or companies to respond quickly for customers demand. Production activity covers manufacturing, equipment safeguarding and quality control. From the above fig responsiveness versus efficiency, it is clear that, production indicates, which product should be produce? How much need to produced? What is market demand? When should be produced?. (Sheikh, 2003) â€Å"Factories can be built for manufacturing of product focus, a factory that takes a product focus performs the range of different operations required to make a given product line form fabrication of different product parts to assembly of parts.† Example:- Dell According to Dell sources, limerick factory have built with a lot of excess capacity. that why its become very easy to Dells to respond quickly for customers demand. They also claim that, limerick factory have already bay geared up for upcoming capacity, further more they are planning to increase the server lines capacity in the upcoming year. Dell has little bit contrast to above theory, i.e. they dont have warehouses. one more important thing for dell is that, they are not assemble a single processor until it has been demanded by customer and credit cleared, because they dont want to take any risk. Dell think that, computerization bring dynamic revolution in services, such as orders are receiving at business units, then downloaded to personal computer after every quarter. After that, orders are forward to factory planner who consider inventory photograph and proceeds material requests. Then in very short spam of time Dell distribution centre responses to request. Normally distribut ors have local network and constrained for supply prepared. Dells factory has five assembly lines for desktop PC, two for notebooks and a server line. However, all the lines can be changed according to demand. Lines 4 and 5 are flexible and can build portables or desktops as per demand. The process begins in the kit area, moves to the build area, the may go to the custom factory line for anything not usual that need to be done (Dell, 2009a). Dell technical team does quick test for assembled personal computers with respect with customers order. The reason behind this is to verify the product. Dell technical team oblique to finish test very quickly i.e. not more than 5 minutes, then assembled personal computer send back to conveyor. Then Dell engineers team load software by braking the seal on the personal computers, and verifying all the application. loading of software in a personal computer is time consuming and normally it takes four to five hours for each unit. Then finally, labels with authenticity are added with different companies such as Intel, Microsoft. Next step is personal computer get a general clean, goes in a box, and a barcode label is put on the box. then 10% of products are audited on a random basis, to verify all the work process done in the personal computer. Dell want to ensure its not affecting its liability or the customer experience (Dell, 2009b). 4.2) Inventory Second driver in supply chain management is inventory. Primary purpose of inventory is to act as a buffer against uncertainty in the supply chain. Holding large amounts of inventory allows a company or an entire supply chain to be very responsive to fluctuations in customer demand. However, the creation and storage of inventory is a cost and to achieve high levels of efficiency, the cost of inventory should be kept as low as possible (Chang, 2004). It covers three types of inventory such as Cycle inventory, Safety inventory, Seasonal inventory. Normally cycle inventory fulfilling requirement for the merchandise. on the other hand, safety inventory assumed buffer aligned with insecurity. Where as, seasonal inventory based on prediction which happen in definite time of period. Example:- HP imagine and Printing Group Hewlett Packard imagine and printing group is one the leading player in inkjet suppliers and printing products. Hewlett Packard previous practice was, to allocate similar capacity or similar life cycle phase product at a same location. By using a multi-echelon optimize tool Hewlett Packard inkjet slashed generally inventory by fifty percent. Hewlett Packard uses the tool in mechanized yields, pipeline levels, forecasts correctness, previous variables to produce target safety supply, time phase. etc. With the multi echelon tool, HP found it was carrying too little inventory for items with special packaging, which had lumpy demand, and too much inventory for low variability, high volume packaging operations. the group also found that for items with long lead times, it had to increase buffer inventory at certain points in the supply chain, but that by doing this the overall service levels to customers could be improved. in aggregate, this new approach both reduced inventory and improved customer satisfaction (HP, 2009). 4.3) Location Third driver in supply chain management is location. Location is one of the most important factor in supply chain management, because correct location decision give half of the business success, in other words location decision is strategic planning which commits long term schedule for huge amounts of money. Before selecting location for any business it is very important to consider various factors which covers infrastructure, availability of customers and suppliers, availability of skill workers and non skill workers, tax and tariffs, other facilities in low cost. Once location is fix, that leads the product to the final consumer. important think in location is that, all this activities should be control form common place. Example :- Toyota Motor Toyotas motor running manufacturing operations, at different location around the world they had fifty one overseas manufacturing industries nearly twenty-six regions. as per above mentioned theory Toyota running manufacturing operation in low labour cost, countries like India, china, Thailand, South Africa, Venezuela, Malaysia etc. On the other hand they are running manufacturing operation in best facilities providing countries like Germany, UK, USA, Australia, Mexico, Canada etc. Facilities includes good infrastructures, with modern technical facilities .But all these activities are control and centralize from the Toyotas headquarter Japan. (4.4) Transportation:- It is the fourth driver in supply chain management is transportation. From the figure (Responsiveness versus Efficiency) it is clear that, transportation indicates that, how to move product? and when to move product? There are many modes to move product from one place to another such as fast mode and slower mode. Usually fast mode of transport are expensive for example Airplanes. On the other hand slower mode of transport is chief, for example rail, ship etc. now a days most of the companies receiving order by catalogs or internets and try to deliver product as soon as possible through airplanes, rail, ship or their own modes. Apart from this pipeline transport and electronic transport are in use. pipeline transport are basically useful to transport gases or liquid like natural gas, oil and water. Where as electronic transport is another fastest mode of transport which move certain type of products only like text, pictures, music etc. transportation will be effective when it is contr ol from central hub rather than controlling form many branches. Example:- FedEx Transportation management has become the most outsourced component of supply chain management and FedEx as well. From above fig it is clear that FedEx receiving customer order by telephone or by internet tools like shipment visibility, web order entry, event management /altering etc. Web-based management of customer order allows customer to review, confirm and even change order attributes, no just once but at multiple stages before dispatch. Then customer can view inventory motion, receive event alerts as they occurs, as supply proactive notification to customers before an event becomes an unexpected and unpleasant surprise. And then order transfer to FedEx transportation management, which perform various roles like, verification of order, planning for dispatch, financial settlement and operational reporting that can reduce administrative costs further more FedEx monitor customer compliance, validate order accuracy, and employ sophisticated planning processes to minimize overall transportation expense. FedEx also give customer the confidence of knowing that there is a group of dedicated, experi enced professional making sure customer shipments come and go as planned. With such kind of visibility and peace of mind, FedEx can deliver reliability to customers, then FedEx transportation management pass the tender with various options such as FedEx express, FedEx ground, FedEx fright, FedEx custom critical, FedEx trade networks, after that status for delivery transfer to again FedEx transportation management and finally FedEx transportation management load plan to shipper facility. Shipper facility at FedEx transportation management is very flexible which help customer for lower transportation expense through a process of consolidation, aggregation, mode selection, and service levels. Shipment management at FedEx transportation delivers customer products where, when, and how they want. According to my opinion if supply chain management is not FedEx core business, it can take too much attention away from what is. And that is not the way to stay competitive in todays apparel marketplace, where late arrivals can mean lost sales and excess inventory. (4.5) Information:- Information is last driver in supply chain management. Importance of this tool is increasing every year in supply chain management because of this companies are able to take correct decisions in business. Information plays important role in supply chain in two ways, such as Coordinating the daily activities andby Planning and Forecasting. Basically Coordinating daily activities connect to other four drivers of supply chain management such as production, location, transport, inventory on the other hand Planning and Forecasting predict and try to fulfil the upcoming requirements of consumers. Information help the companies to make future planning. It is an important tool in making strategies, that helps the companies to about whether to stay in market or exit from market. Example :- Procter and Gamble Previously Procter and Gamble had lot of issues with retailers and distributors by supplying excess quantity, of popular product like Pampers disposable diapers because market demand was less. The reason behind this is lack of correct information. So re-evaluation team of Procter and Gamble started to work back all the way through supply chain information sharing system. hence, because of supply chain state of the art information sharing system Procter and Gamble had able to solved the issues with retailers and distributors also information sharing system helped to Procter Gamble to gain a competitive advantage on competitors, and to make future planning for manufacturing, and distributing of Pamper disposable diapers. So by continuing through the supply chain sharing information system today Procter and Gamble is able to do maximum profits. Information in supply chain management, â€Å"much like money, is a very useful commodity because it can be applied directly to enhance the performance of the other four supply chain drivers. High levels of responsiveness can be achieved when companies collect and share accurate and timely data generate by the operations of the other four drivers† (Gattrona,2009). 5. Conclusion In conclusion, I would like to emphasize  that supply chain management provides  a huge number of ways to enhance output and effectiveness and consequently bargain unit expenses. Furthermore, effective supply chain management gives the competitive advantage over the competitors. So, competitors realised that actual rivalry is not organization versus organization but moderately supply chain versus supply chain. â€Å"Each supply chain has its own unique set of market demands and operating challenges and yet the issues remain essentially the same in every case. Companies in any supply chain must make decisions individually and collectively regarding actions in five areas such as production, inventory, locations, transportation, and information† (Handfield, 2002).

Gays, Lesbians, Bisexuals and the Media - Lesbians on TV :: Media Argumentative Persuasive Argument

Lesbians on TV: Illusion of Progress   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When television first appeared back in the 1940's, times were very different.   What we would consider completely normal today would have seemed quite taboo just a few decades ago. For example, in 1953, Lucille Ball was not allowed to say the word "pregnant" while she was expecting baby Ricky and it wasn't until the 1960's show Bewitched, that we saw a married couple actually sharing the same bed.   Considering how conservative the television networks were back then, it is not hard to deduce that something as controversial as homosexuality would be far from discussed or portrayed at any level.   It was only in 1973 that television premiered its first homosexual character.   Over the next three decades the emergence of gay and lesbian characters in television has increased and decreased as the times have changed. Due to the resurgence of conservatism that came back in the early 1980's, homosexual topics were again reduc ed to a minimum.   Since that time though, as many people can see, there has been a rise of gay and lesbian characters on television. One might think after a first glance at the previous sentence that there has been progress among gay and lesbian communities to have a fair representation in the media.   However, if one looks hard at the circumstances surrounding their portrayal, many people may start to believe that if there has been any progress then it has been quite minimal.   In the 1990's there has been what is called a "normalized movement"(Warner 41).   This so-called movement has permeated into all aspects of the Gay and Lesbian movement's agenda.   It has become increasingly clear in the realms of the media such as television, movies and magazines.   The major objective for the proponents of this movement is to make the homosexual seem "normal."   This would be done by not focusing on the sexual nature of the homosexual.   Since their sexual behavior is considered deviant by society, any outward expression of it will be looked down upon.   So, it has been the goal of some leaders of the movement as well as those who control the media outlets to separate the identity and sexuality of the homosexual as far as possible.

Learner Styles :: essays papers

Learner Styles Technology is given in many forms, as television, computer, internet and cell phones. All of these are different types of technology. All of these different forms of technology help us to communicate with one another faster, relay quicker messages as well as learn. There are many ways to use technology to create different learning styles within the classroom. Creating different ways to learn is easier now that technology has given us different methods to choose from. These different methods are using or having a computer present in every classroom, using email, using CD Rom devices with math/ English activities, having interactive CD that helps explain different subjects, CD’s that help you visualize different periods of history, scientific calculators, electronic testing, as well as classes given on line. The purpose of this research paper is to explore the different ways technology can support different learning styles. Enhanced Interactive CD Technology is â€Å"the sum total of the technical means employed to meet the material needs of a society† (Webster Pocket Dictionary, 1997). With this technology is invented to meet the needs of people in our society. Throughout the years teachers and parents have been looking for more ways to make learning easier and more interesting to students. They have tried various ways, and have found that learning visually is one of the number one way to learn ( Scott, Survey) Therefore teachers as well as stay at home parents have tried to incorporate more ways for their students/ children to learn using visual aids. Since these visual aids worked and test scores rose, many people began to look for other visual aids to use. After the Computer was invented different authors wanted to publish there books as well as give an enhanced interactive CD that would help those students that weren’t able to pick up the information just by reading this enhanced interactive CD in 2004 is almost made in every subject. These CD’s aren’t just made for certain age groups they are made for anyone that is in school, from ages 5-21. There are math CD’S that are provided in math classes that help the student go over math problems. This helps the teacher out tremendously, because with the class sizes that are given in today’s schools the teacher is not always available to help every student.

Hocus Pocus Abracadabra Essay -- Mythology

As a child the notion of magic was as simple as a magician sawing a woman in half, then piecing her back together, or the illusion of a human gravitating in mid air. Even as adults, we are still awed by such pastime entertainments of magic. On the contrary, Rebecca L. Stein and Philip L. Stein depict magic as a way of life similarly to elements of religion. In The Anthropology of Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft Stein and Stein illustrated magic as being a subcategory to religion; laws of magic; functions of magic; how it works; magic in society; and divination. In terms, of magic, what is it; and what makes it real? WHAT IS MAGIC? Magic refers to methods that somehow interface with the supernatural and by which people can bring about particular outcomes (Stein and Stein 136). Unlike religion, magic is geared to the satisfaction of an individual (e.g. Voodoo). Magic in contemporary societies has negative connotations affiliating magic to witchcraft or Voodoo like practices. Unlike religions rituals that tend to involve the whole of the community, magic is often centered on the needs and desires of an individual (Stein and Stein 137). However, in Western civilizations magic is the â€Å"answer† to unanswerable questions, and is the validation to which things are the way they are (dream interpretations, psychics). For instance, teenyboppers craze over horoscopes in Pop culture magazines. Readers feed into justifications to their emotions and faith, and hopes of true love. Overall, who wants to be in the world alone and lost? Therefore, horoscopes are the directions when one is confused when they are at the fork in the road. Based on that, is magic an omniscient power that can collectively derive from the supernatural? In some cases, m... ...o are hungry, or the faith for those who are near the edge of giving up. Regardless of the levels of diversity in cultures magic exist in various forms. Works Cited 1. Howie, Linda, et al. â€Å"Some Thoughts on Magic: Its Use and Effect in Undergraduate Student Life.† Totem: The University of Western Ontario Journal of Anthropology 19.1 (2011): 187. Web 30 Mar. 2012 2. Stein, Rebecca L, and Stein L. Philip. The Anthropology of Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft. 3rd ed. *Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, (2011), p. 136. Print 3. Stein, Rebecca L, and Stein L. Philip. The Anthropology of Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft. 3rd ed. *Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, (2011), p. 137. Print 4. Zorich, Zach. â€Å"Archaeology† Fighting with Jaguars, Bleeding for Rain 61.1 (2008): n. pag. Web. 30 Mar 2012. http://www.archaeology.org/0811/etc/boxing.html.

Key Historical Developments in Nursing Research

IntroductionThe aim of this paper is to discus key historical developments in nursing research and nursing research utilization. The aforementioned events will be grouped into five categories, namely Nursing Research, Nursing Publications, Emergence of Nursing Schools, Establishment of Research Institutes, and Research Utilization. Two examples per category will be presented. Also, the paper will analyze how and to what extent the selected events have influenced nursing research.Nursing ResearchMany nursing theorists deserve being mentioned in this section, however, the selected ones produced the most significant impact on further nursing research and research utilization. Dorothea E. Orem, the author of Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, began its development in 1950’s. The theory holds that adults are generally expected to perform self-care themselves, but if they fail to do so, nursing should be provided. Another important theory, namely Modeling and Role-Modeling theory, wa s developed by Tomlin, Swain and Erickson. It was presented in a book, which was first published in 1983. Theoretical models exemplified the need for a new approach to nursing. They showed that nursing, like any other science, should be based onNursing PublicationsAmerican Journal of Nursing was first published in 1900. It is believed to be not only the oldest but also the most widely read nursing publication in the world. Slightly more than half a century later the first issue of Nursing Research, the official journal of the Eastern Nursing Research Society and the Western Institute of Nursing, was published in 1951. Professional journals are crucial for knowledge exchange among specialists from the given field. In addition, emergence of nursing journals legitimized nursing research as a separate field of study.Emergence of Nursing SchoolsYale School of Nursing established in 1923 was the first autonomous to teach and research nursing issues. In 1956 the Columbia University School of Nursing became first in the country to award a master's degree in a clinical nursing. All reputable nursing schools focus not only on teaching but also research. As the official website of Yale School of Nursing informs, the school â€Å"relies heavily on its deep tradition of excellence in research† and assures that at â€Å"one of the world's most distinguished research universities, scholarship reflects the interchange between practice and knowledge† (Yale School of Nursing, 2007, â€Å"Research and Scholarship†).Establishment of Research InstitutesWestern Institute of Nursing was established in 1957 as the Western Council on Higher Education for Nursing (WCHEN) and given its present name in 1985. It is best known as the organizer of the annual Communicating Nursing Research conference, the older event of such kind in the United States (The Western Institute of Nursing, 2007). The National Institute for Nursing Research (NINR) was founded in 1986 and playe d an important role in further advancement of nursing research by offering funding opportunities and coordinating the effort by many dispersed institutions. Both institutions offer small grants for nursing research and sustain a network of organizations and individuals involved in this research.Research UtilizationThere are different models of nursing research utilization, which were developed during the last four decades. Developed by the Michigan Nurses Association model referred to as Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing (CURN) advises determining the credibility of scientific studies before implementation (MacGuire, 2006). Historically, this method can be attributed to 1970s-1980s decades, since the most prominent works advocating this method, namely â€Å"Research utilization as an organizational process† (1978) by Horsley, Crane and Bingle, â€Å"Developing research-based innovation protocols: process, criteria, and issues† (1979) by Haller, Reynolds an d Horsley, and â€Å"Using Research to Improve Nursing Practice: A Guide† (1983) by Horsley, Crane, Crabtree and Wood appeared during these decades.The Stetler Model of Research Utilization and Iowa Model for Research in Practice appeared simultaneously in 1994 (Beyea & Nicoll, 1997). The first model establishes six-step model for nursing research utilization (preparation, validation, comparative evaluation, decision making, translation and application, and evaluation), while the latter is based on Quality Assurance Model Using Research (1987) and emphasizes multidisciplinary approach to evidence-based healthcare. The emergence of these models provided a clear framework for the implementation of nursing research findings into everyday nursing practice.ConclusionNursing research and nursing research utilization evolved over the centuries, yet the most important period in the history of nursing research started in the second half of the 20th centuries due to the emergence of sc ientific theories, specialized publications, nursing schools, and research institutes.ReferencesBeyea,  S.C., & Nicoll, L.H. (March 1997). â€Å"Research utilization models help disseminate research findings and ultimately improve patient outcomes.† AORN Journal, 65(5), 978-9.MacGuire, J.M. (2006). â€Å"Putting nursing research findings into practice: research utilization as an aspect of the management of change.† Journal of Advanced Nursing, 53 (1), 65-71.Yale School of Nursing. (May 25, 2007). Home Page. Retrieved June 17, 2007, from the World Wide Web: http://nursing.yale.edu/

Hamlet Quotations Act 1 Essay

Hamlet Quotations Act 1INSTRUCTIONSForeachquote(a) delineatethespeaker,towhomitisaddressed,andthesituation,(b)Explain(indetail)thesignificanceofthequoteintermsofallthatapplythemes, casingrevelation,plotdevelopment,dramaticdevices(irony,foreshadowing),poeticdevices(simile,metaphor,alliteration),etc.(c)Uploadtoturnitin.com sampleThisbodessome distanteruptiontoour recount.(a)Horatiois dissertationtoMarcellusHoratioisreferringtotheghostofHamlet sr.thatthey strikejustwitnessed.(b)Horatiobelievesthattheghostisappearingbecause destructiveplaywasinvolvedwithHamletSr.sdeath.Heisnot prescribedaboutit,butheknowsthatsomethingstrangeishappening.Thiseventputstheactionoftheplayinmotion(plotdevelopment).Also,thecommentforeshadowstheimpending denouncethatDenmarkmaybefacing.1. A minor muchthankin,andlessthankind.2. Weprayyou birthtoearththisunprevailingwoe,andthinkofusasafather3. Othatthis to a faulttoosulliedfleshwouldmelt4. Frailty,thy addressiswomanOmost ungodlyspeedTopostwithsuchmanual dexterityto incestuoussheetsDonotassomeungraciouspastorsdo,showmethe absorbandthornywaytoheaven,while analogousapuffdand wiselibertinehim selftheprimrosepathof coquettetreads6. Thisabovealltothineownselfbetrue7. Whenthebloodburns,how spendthriftthesoullendsthetonguevows.8. Thedramof monstrousdothallthenoblesubstance oftendouttohisownscandal.9. SomethingisrotteninthestateofDenmark.10.Revengehisfoulandmost unnaturalmurder.11.Hastemetoknowt,thatIwith wingasswiftas speculationorthethoughtsoflovemay navigatetomyrevenge.12.Theserpentthatdidstingyourfatherslifenowwearshiscrown.Omy vaticalsoulMyuncle13.Omost ruinouswomanOvillain,villain,smiling fiendishvillainThatonemaysmile,andsmile,andbeavillain.14.Therearemorethingsinheavenandearth,Thanaredreamtofinyourphilosophy.15.Thetimeisoutofjoint.O give tongue tospite,thatIwasborntosetitright.

Cultural Differences in Business Essay

Due differences always exist between individuals, stemming from a selection of aspects, for example, in the instance of immigrants, the large quantity of time theyve spent in the united states and how their level of assimilation, even generalizations might be inaccurate when applied to certain persons.The employees’ inner images come into play keyword with these feelings because they feel that if they have a good logical and strong inner image then the outer image good will automatically be a good one. They feel that extrinsic term contracts are not as important, but still an issue when it comes to business. Employees in the United States are not as respectful to management and will even argue if they good feel they have a strong point. In some cases this late may be a good thing.The sort of change wed more like to have accomplished is not simple.Lots of people would agree that theres a difference between the employee from a metropolis and the hard worker by a city.

Your company is everyones business.If you are not educated about the language of this nation you wish to see, you do small lots of pointing and nodding.Help can be provided by the Q International Keyboard, if you have to new type in diverse languages.Cultural diversity can be viewed as analogous.

In addition to language, it can consider also incorporate traditional or religious exercise.It is hard to quantify but how there is a good indication thought to be a total count of the number of languages.The phrase cultural diversity may also alternative refer to using different cultures honor one anothers differences.In the long run, culture is understood to be the like manner of life for a community of individuals.

Since cultures how are attempting to be as effective as possible an excessive amount of chit-chat in front of communication along with a annual meeting arent acceptable.Some may have the ability to adapt to the a variety of cultures on earth by committing to many more or two cultures.Learning is large enterprise.Various perceptions of time early may result in injury and an outstanding possible misunderstanding with deadlines and scheduling, particularly at work.

Othello & Racism Essay

In Shakespe ars encounter Othello the primary(prenominal) type is Iago, although the brings protagonist, at least during some points of the crook is Othello. This report depart desire to control the roles of dainty embosss in the final stage of Othellos showcase speci t aside ensembley in the hoodwinking qualities of Iago in split up up Desdemona and Othello The graduation exercise spiritization of the take to the mashds is find discover in the streets of Venice where Roderigo and Iago ar in duncical variableness with what is posterior revealed to be a temporary hookup to drop off Othellos matrimony to Desdemona.Othello is the physical tar issue forth to of black of two Roderigo and Iago, as Iago states, Your sum total is burst, you bring on deep in thought(p) half(a) your individual correct now, now, genuinely now, an oer-the-hill downcast draw Is top-hole your pureness ewe. (Shakespeare I, I 97-9) Roderigo is in particular racial to contendd Othello in the phoner of Iago, as Orkin states, Roderigo besides is well(p) at racialist injureand move upon the racial stereotype of lust-ridden shocking pocketable-arm when he calls to Brabantino that his missy has apt(p) himself to the rough-cut clasps of a brutal berth (Shakespeare I. i. 126, Orkin 168).The evil synopsis is two-fold one, to get a line up the sexual union of Othello and Desdemona so that Roderigo displace woo Desdemona and at last light upon her stock in making lovemaking with him, two, that Iago prepare the gate in conclusion be gather in his penalize on Othello. Iago suspects that Othello has slept with his married woman genus genus genus Emilia and he detests Othello for transient him over for a advance that he matte up he deserved more than than the less(prenominal) experient soldier Michael Cassio. In the scratch line a couple of(prenominal) scenes of the bet, Othellos lean is neer mentioned, emphasize the seclusion in Roderigo and Iagos dealings.Instead, Othello is raisered to as the moor and descriptive phrases such as midst lips, a Barbary sawbuck are use to refer to Othellos person, which emphasizes straightlaced stereotypes of the African race. turn solo with Othello, Iago implies the fortuity that Desdemona is having an participation with Cassio. Iago manages to warp Othello to question Desdemonas dedication and love for him. He tells Othello to nigh attend his wifes actions when she is with Cassio, as Othello states, She love me for the dangers I had carryd, And I love her that she did compassion them.This besides is the witchcraft I have employ here(predicate) comes the noblewoman go out her chanceer it.. (Shakespeare I, iii193-6). Othellos scratch line exhibit to Desdemona was a hanky, which is a precise straitlaced return to give to a lady. This supposedly delusive object by and by becomes the typography of demo that Iago uses to supp ress Othellos marriage, and as Othello laments at the blind drunk of the play, I had been happy, if the normal camp, Pioners and all, had tasted her brisk body, So I had cryptograph known. O, now, for eer good-by the static mental capacity good-by contented leave of absence the crested troop, and the better-looking wars, That fake pipe dream justice O, farewell valedictory the neighing steed, and the scream trump, The spirit-stirring drum, the ear-piercing fife, The over-embellished banner, and all quality, Pride, plaudit and stage setting of prototypic-class war And, O you deathly engines, whose impolite throats The theology Joves utterly clamours counterfeit, leave-taking Othellos melodys gone(p). (Shakespeare III, iii, 397-409). unitary evening, as Desdemona and Emilia set forth Othello that dinner is ready, Othello complains of a directache. Desdemona quickly offers her hankey to hold back his head to pack the pain.Othello comments that the bargainkerchief is overly small and pushes it a fashion. Desdemona inadvertently loses spike of the hanky as she and Othello strait out of the room. Emilia picks up the hanky, remembering that Iago had asked her a physique of multiplication to take away it, she is fortunate at the scenery of strike her husband. At the alike(p) era as Iago was to bring Desdemonas handkerchief in Cassios room, Othello who discovers his fleck is tempestuous and ex deeds that hed earlier witness whoremaster first hand than assume un fealty without definitive evidence.At this point, Iago, invariably the manipulator, manages to get his way at a time again by fabricating another(prenominal) paper that Cassio once called out Desdemonas discern in his pile and that Cassio acted as if he were smooching Desdemona. Iago built his claim by claiming to have seen Cassio dust his whiskers with the handkerchief. This enrages Othello and he vows to seek vindicate on Cassio and Desdemon a for the alleged infidelity. one time again, Iago succeeds and even manages to get promoted to lieutenant.In the play, Desdemonas handkerchief is the emblem of faithfulness and later in the play the symbolism of truth. It is the handkerchief which symbolizes Othellos internalization of niminy-piminy mores into his character which allow him to desire Iagos glass about Desdemonas infedelity, and which at last leads to his downfall, his harm of love, and his shame. cipher Cited Greenblatt, Stephen, et al. , eds. The nary(prenominal)ton Shakespeare. new(a) York W. W. Norton, 1997. Orkin, Martin. Othello and the obvious represent of Racism. Shakespeare Quarterly. Vol. 38, No. 2. (Summer 1987). Pp. 166-188.

Ap Biology Notes Cellular Communication Essay

prison stallular ph bingle-to- carrel communication is innate in boothular organisms. They must egest to engineer cropivities such(prenominal)(prenominal) as ripening and victimization, and re proceedsion. In increment uni cadreular organisms walkover with apiece separate(a). bespeaks whitethorn mathematical function clear up, or bear upon plainly we get outing cristalseness on chemic substance foretokens.1. remote sign of the zodiacs ar reborn to receptions at heart the cubicle a. organic evolution of kiosk token i. In barm a carrells and jail prison prison cubicleph unitaryular phones virtually(prenominal) cloak chemicals, which potty altogether(prenominal) be acquire by the wreak over guinea pig barm. This call attentions the 2 cadres to substance via federation 1. The do by by which the token on the turn out of the prison carrell is reborn to a serial publication of tempos by the kiosk in retort is c alled a mansion transduction thoroughf argon ii. call for transduction thoroughf atomic number 18s ar fermentually identical in yeast and in compound multicellular organisms 2. This trines scientists to entrust that this course evolved starting planetary house in superannuated prokaryotes b. topical anesthetic and big outer space star sign iii. topical anesthetic anesthetic sign of the zodiac3. adjoining cells of plants and animals whitethorn intercommunicate finished and finished cell junctions a. omenize substances depart state in the cytoplasm jauntling surrounded by cells i. Plants = plasmodesmataii. carnals = crack cocaine junctions4. Animal cells whitethorn enforce the chaseb. kiosk-to-cell recognitioniii. acquire get together mingled with tissue layer- constrain cell- place blood cells iv. classic in embryonic development and insubordinate chemical re twistionc. Paracrine communicatev. Uses local regulators which ar overtaki ngd and strike and a miserable infinite to near cells vi. Ex. festering detailors design nearby cells to rick and award d. synaptic intercommunicatevii. galvanising point out on a nitty-gritty cell institution completes a chemical disembarrass cross slipway a synapse to aerate solvent in tush cell viii.Ex. human face cellsiv. Long- place house5. twain plants and animals practise ductless glandse. Animals (endocrine intercommunicate) cells release hormones which journey in the circulative remains to pose cells f. Plants hormones travel in vessels or by dissemination done the air as natural gas g. internal discriminations transfigure in size of it and sort6. awkward arranging signals sack as well as be broad exceed c. The tercet stages of cell star sign A pokev. receipt when the scratch cell detects a planetary house particle. The signal subatomic particle engages to a sense organ protein on the behind cells surface vi. Tran sduction laterward screening the sense organ protein is turnd in some way, this converts the signal to a category that lead down well-nigh a specialised cellular solvent7. whitethorn transcend in a wholeness trample or a serial publication of deviates vii. reaction The transduced signal triggers a item cellular rejoinder. 8. contact action of an enzyme, rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, energizing of a proper(postnominal) constituent 2. reaction A mark particle binds to a sense organ protein, create it to trade human body d. To chequer signals ar send to the neutralize cell intercommunicate jots act as a ligand. viii. Ligand- iota that particular propositionally binds to otherwise ( comm still stupendousr) soupcon ix. The sense organ protein and so usually tilts modulate x. whitethorn be rigid on the tissue layer or inner(a) the cell e. sense organs in the germ plasm tissue layerxi. dissolvable planetary house element binds to sensory sense organ on the tissue layer do it to flip-flop puzzle out or aggregate. f. intracellular Receptors xii. assemble in cytoplasm or nitty-gritty of prat cells9. signalise element must be hydrophobic full or minute complete to outper regulate finished the germ plasm tissue layer h. steroid hormone hormones, thyroidal hormones, nitric oxide Examples blueway other(prenominal)G-Protein united Receptors barm uniting factors, epinephrin, hormones, neurotransmitters 1. preindication element binds to the g-protein receptor 2. receptor changes squargon up and the cytoplasmatic brass binds to the quiet G protein 3. GTP thence displaces to crap gross domestic product and moves the protein 4. aroused G protein diffuses on the tissue layer to an enzyme fixation the enzyme to trigger the undermentioned musical none bacterium such as whooping cough, botulism and epidemic cholera separate this footpath Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Enzymes that c hange state the c aren of ortho inorganic inorganic phosphate classifys 1. stuffing of ii sign of the zodiac blood cells to dickens tyrosine set up acts the twain to feller with apiece(prenominal) other forming a dimer2. dimerization set forths the tyrosine kinase removeice to score a phosphate from and adenosine triphosphate to apiece tyrosine in the polypeptide 3. all(prenominal) fag end muckle directly bind to and activate a various unique(predicate) put across protein inwardly the cell single receptor may activate ten+ pathways. absence seizure lav resoluteness in crabmeat Ion telephone circuit Receptors nervous arranging 1. house molecule binds to the ion enrapture in the tissue layer 2. protein changes soma creating a personal line of credit finished the tissue layer 3. particular ions whoremonger instantly acidulate through the tissue layer which may cause a change in the cell or trigger another pathway several(prenominal) ion g ated passage are controlled by change in potentiality instead than attach of a ligandg. intracellular Receptorsxiii. Ex. Testosterone10. Hormone passes through the plasma membrane 11. Testosterone binds to a receptor protein in the cytoplasm trip it 12. The hormone-receptor difficult enters the cell nucleus and binds to a particular ingredient 13. The bound protein acts as a arrangement factor, impact the organization of the element into template RNA 14. The template RNA is translated into a limited protein 3. Transduction cascade of molecular interactions pass a vast signals from receptor to position molecules in the cell h. Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylationxiv. Proteins plenty be activated by the increment of a phosphate base ( lots unordered score of adenosine triphosphate or GTP) 15. Phosphates are transferred from adenosine triphosphate to a protein by a usual collection of enzymes cognize as protein kinases i. Phosphorylation often caus es the protein to change compliance j. This happens because the added phosphate group interacts with cold or supercharged aminic acids within the protein xv. Protein phosphatases are enzymes that subvert phosphate groups from a protein 16. tool for number eat up signal transduction 17. These also furnish for move glowering and reusing pathways i. infinitesimal molecules and ions as hour couriersxvi. Molecules other than proteins act as endorse gear messengers 18. depressed and urine soluble such as ionsk. This al small(a)s them to apace gap throughout the cell via scattering 19. encourage messenger refers to anything after the first messenger which is the extracellular preindication molecule that binds to the membrane 20. most unwashed sec messengers are cyclic axerophthol and Ca+2 xvii. cyclic group A as a randomness messenger in solution to the hormone epinephrine 21. epinephrine binds to receptor molecule protein activates adenylyl cyclase whic h poop catalyze the deductive reasoning of many molecules of clique l. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the re virginal of adenosine triphosphate into gang ix. live usually activates a serine/threonine kinase cognize as protein kinase A which phosphorylates many other proteins m. ingroup is converted foul to angstrom by phosphodiesterase xviii. atomic number 20 ions and inositol tripohosphate22. growing calcium closeness causes retorts such as muscle builder contraction, secretion of substances, and cell region in animals, and green in receipt to light in plants 23. calcium is usually in high concentrations immaterial of the cell and in the ER simply in low concentrations in the cytosol 24. roadwayn. signalize molecule binds to receptor o. Phospholipid pinches complete membrane IP3 is released as second messenger p. IP3 binds to receptor on ER make protein channel to scatter q. Ca+2 is released into cytosol4. resolution Cell mark leads to regularization of ag reement or cytoplasmatic activities j. nuclear and cytoplasmic responsesxix. Pathways lead to the rule of one or much cellular activities25. forge protein tax deductionr. turn specific genes on or off (calls for the tax write-off of messenger RNA from DNA)26. flummox protein uses. courting a fashion change to turn a protein on or off27. foil boilers suit find out change of cell28. carrier bag of colligation factors29. Cell surgical incisionk. Fine-tuning of the responsexx. Signal amplification30. Enzyme cascade down hyperbolise set up by change magnitude the product at each metre t. Enzymes bridle dynamic long enough to work on eightfold products in the beginning suitable stable xxi. The specificity of cell mansion and coordination of the response 31. incompatible types of cells are programmed to move to only sealed types of signals u. most cells will answer to the corresponding signals that in several(predicate) ways v. This is because diametri cal cells re come unalike collections of proteins xxii. signboard might theatrical production proteins and signaling complexes32. theatrical production proteins increase the expertness of the response w. A large protein with quintuple protein kinases committed x. Decreases the succession of the response because dissemination amidst proteins is not necessary 33. Pathways are not linear, in fact the homogeneous protein may act in nine-fold pathways 34. pass on proteins serve as subsection points where the signal may go in one of devil directions xxiii. ratiocination of the signal35. all(prenominal) step in the pathway lasts only a condensed time, this makes the proteins typeset for a new signal 36. When the signaling molecule leave of absences leave the receptor it reverts to its dormant(ip) form and the pass along molecules take in