Improving Performance and Productivity in a Pharmaceutical Company through Total Quality Management Essay

The high technology pharmaceutical company needs organizational change to improve its quality of performance and increase productivity because the adoption of advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) is costlier than training and replacing skilled workers (Sargent, 1997), and it requires â€Å"large resource base, a good reputation and wide experience and contacts† that often lack a strong technical base (Bessant & Rush 1995, p. 07). Total quality management (TQM) approach is recommended to make the company improve and standardize its process through collaborative learning (Adler, 1993), enhance employee expertise and knowledge (Kirkman, Lowe, & Young, 1998), and help the company increase its production volume and quality (Lawler, 1994). TQM â€Å"makes quality control an inherent part of the production job and checking is achieved either through automatic monitoring systems or by training the operator in quality monitoring† (Doyle, 2002, p. 174). It involves management practices that encourage employees to be more responsible in ensuring the quality of the products or services and their overall performance for the company’s competitive advantage (Dean & Bowen, 1994). Changes should be made to attain the objectives of TQM such as: (1) implementation of cross-training and skill-based program to promote cross-functional teams, help employees develop skills and enhance knowledge, and motivate them with rewards like cash and flexible work scheduling; (2) commitment to the values of quality and service in order to keep a long term customer partnership; (3) innovation of product design in order to attract more customers and meet their demands (4) ensuring effective data and records management application to secure and make information accessible and reliable; (5) improvement of the quality of business management with suppliers and dealers; and (6) enhancing top management’s performance efficiency, commitment, and flexibility in decision-making and human resources management.

The teaching assistants role in developing childrens learning

The function of the Teaching Assistant has changed significantly in recent old ages ( Cheminais, 2008 ) and has, due to the authoritiess 2003 enterprise to alter the staffing construction within schools ( OfSTED. , 2004 ) , led to legion publications and surveies refering the effectivity of these alterations. Historically, learning helpers, or aides as they were sometimes once known, ( Clayton, 1993 ) were non learning grownups who helped qualified instructors by transporting out twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours administrative undertakings, and provided pastoral attention to kids. Several old ages subsequently the Government ( LGC. , 1998 ) outlined proposals for using a greater figure of support staff in order to supply even more support for students and instructors. They besides announced suggestions for a â€Å" more effectual usage of, and better preparation for, learning helpers and other school support staff † which, along with a subsequent OfSTED reappraisal, ( 2002a, p6 ) declared the demand for preparation that would, â€Å" fit any proposed construction of makings and to ease calling patterned advance. † The execution of national occupational criterions for learning helpers, approved in 2001, and the HLTA position introduced in 2003, ( TDA. , 2008 ) , offered committed support staff the chance to get the accomplishments to go more complete pedagogues. In other words, working as a instruction helper had become a calling, and so began the existent argument about the function of the instruction helper. In my experience, the rubric of ‘teaching helper ‘ is interpreted in a assortment of ways. Nevertheless, a common subject that I have encountered is that most learning helpers have the possible to be effectual pedagogues and are hence of import elements in the development of independent larning. How good this potency is utilized, nevertheless, is less clear and depends on the employer ‘s reading of the function along with appropriate preparation and development chances ( Department for Education and Skills, 2000, pp15-16 ) . In order to develop acquisition, learning helpers ought to hold a good apprehension of how kids learn. Piaget ( Slavin, 1994a ) , described the procedure as the creative activity of new thoughts by accommodating those already known. This was followed by Vygotsky ‘s claims ( Slavin, 1994b, p49 ) that kids move between zones when larning. He describes this as them traveling out of their comfort zone and towards their possible via their â€Å" zone of proximal development † through the usage of societal interaction. In order to incite this patterned advance, grownups need to supply chances for treatment and geographic expedition between kids and themselves. This besides has the possible to enable kids to detect and research linguistic communication, besides critical to a kid ‘s advancement ( Bruner, 1983, pp 64-66 ) . A instruction helper must be cognizant of the student ‘s current degree of apprehension and so cognize how to â€Å" scaffold † new larning . They must besides cognize when to retreat support to enable the kid to construct on, win and be responsible for their ain advancement. Furthermore, with current category sizes in the part of up to 30 students, a category instructor may be unable to offer such an single attack to turn toing the theories of the philosophers, and so it could be considered the function of the skilled instruction helper to make this. During my recent study of loath readers, carried out as a preliminary to the debut of an enterprise to advance reading, I discovered that the students had formulated an sentiment that reading was a job to be undertaken with animus and merely when instructed to make so. It became evident that these kids had encountered a assortment of barriers that had influenced their attitude and ability to read [ See Appendix A ] . Many of these barriers are authoritative illustrations of Erikson ‘s â€Å" Industry versus Inferiority Crisis † ( Slavin, 1994c, p56 ) , whereby outside influences have contributed towards a student organizing a negative ego image of themselves as readers. In order to get the better of this, the students needed the support of an â€Å" enabling grownup † as described by Chambers ( 1991 ) . This provided them with a function theoretical account, a positive attitude towards reading and an chance to portion and discourse reading experiences. This inspir ed in them a new willingness and enjoyment of reading, the result of which became evident in their apprehension of written text. The kids besides began composing with enthusiasm, utilizing their ain cognition and experiences ; as a consequence, they had taken control of their ain acquisition. The kids ‘s responses to the inaugural [ See Appendix B ] , demonstrated that they felt empowered by the fact that they were detecting new linguistic communication for themselves ( Gross, 1992a ) and were straight responsible for the advancement that they were doing. These rules apply to all kids, although some kids with SEN necessitate a higher degree of support traditionally provided by learning helpers ( Alborz et al, 2009 ) . This has antecedently been an country for argument with The Daily Telegraph ( 2009 ) printing an article claiming that research shows that, â€Å" Students make less advancement in schoolrooms where schools employ more teaching helpers † . The article states that learning helpers frequently support lower attaining students, ensuing in them being less supported by a qualified instructor and to them doing limited advancement, although it does non look to take into history the preparation of the instruction helpers. While reexamining the impact of work force remodeling, a study by OfSTED ( 2004 ) stated that when a instruction helper is appointed to work with carefully chosen students and is provided with the appropriate preparation to make so efficaciously, the students make important advancement. This is every bit good as the obvious benefits of supplying the instructor with more clip to concentrate on other students. In a recent observation of a twelvemonth 5 category, it was obvious that the usage of a instruction helper to supply kids with linguistic communication troubles with individualized, single aid benefited the targeted students and the category as a whole. The support enabled the kids to entree the course of study in a mainstream schoolroom while leting the category instructor to concentrate on the bulk of the students. The instruction helper ‘s intercession involved the re-enforcing of the whole category instruction, simplification of vocabulary and offering congratulations, encouragement and feedback on the undertaking. The support gave the students the assurance to take part in category treatments and enabled them to see new linguistic communication in context ; a critical facet of developing new constructs ( Gross, 1992b ) . Following the lesson, the instruction helper besides provided the instructor with appraisal and monitoring feedback to enable appraisal of and for larning . This appraisal has become a important portion of the function of the instruction helper and supports the instructor and student by enabling distinction and personalised larning to go every twenty-four hours pattern ( Kay, 2005 ) . Guidance published by the NFER ( 2002, cited in Department for Education and Skills, 2005, p.22 ) found that when instructors and learning helpers work in partnership, the consequences are a more effectual degree of learning and larning. An illustration of this is a scenario I have experienced late where a skilled instruction helper supported the acquisition of the bulk of the category while the category instructor focused on the kids with SEN. As a consequence of the instructor and instruction helper holding spent clip working together to be after the lesson, the instruction helper was able to help students in their accomplishment of the acquisition aims. By implementing a combination of all of these attacks and with effectual preparation and counsel, learning helpers can supply priceless support for all kids within any lesson. Supporting behaviour direction and supplying an alternate degree of perceptual experience within the schoolroom are besides cardinal facets of being an effectual instruction helper. In day-to-day Literacy lessons, I have observed a instruction helper back uping a student with ADHD and have no uncertainty that without her presence, the category instructor would hold to pass a big proportion of the lesson settling the kid and turn toing low degree distractions. Personal experience has shown me that kids with emotional or behavioral troubles respond positively to the support of a instruction helper with whom they can hammer a good grownup / kid relationship. This can lend towards the societal and emotional well-being of the kid as outlined in a reappraisal by Alborz et Al. ( 2009 ) ; nevertheless he besides found that this type of intercession does hold the possible to make a barrier between the supported kids, their equals and instructors. The instruction helper ‘s must, hence, h ave a good apprehension of the students demands in order to forestall this. Besides the chance to back up kids ‘s larning during lesson clip, learning helpers continue to transport out administrative undertakings in order to back up the category instructor and the school as a whole. The National Agreement ( ATL et al. 2003, p.2 ) , implemented as portion of the authoritiess workforce remodelling enterprise, states that instructors should non pass their clip transporting out administrative duties that do non do full usage of their accomplishments and expertness, but that these undertakings should be completed by support staff. The defined undertakings include the readying of schoolroom resources and puting up of shows. These responsibilities must besides, hence, be considered the duty of the instruction helper. Many of the administrative duties have an impact on the physical milieus, and hence contribute towards ( Primary National Strategy, 2004 ) making a positive ethos and the creative activity of a successful acquisition environment. In pattern, neve rtheless, the demand for learning helpers to be more involved in the bringing of lessons agencies that they have less clip for transporting out administrative responsibilities which relays these responsibilities back into the custodies of the instructors ( OfSTED, 2002b, p8 ) . In my experience, learning helpers offer unconditioned support for the school in which they are employed. Many carry out responsibilities beyond their on the job hours, supplying curriculum enrichment activities and on a regular basis being at the head of fund raising events. They often are able to supply a connexion between parents, local communities and their schools as they frequently live in close propinquity to their workplace. This is a valuable portion of their function as it enables learning staff to be cognizant of local issues and provides a nexus between parents and schools ( Logan, E. & A ; Feiler, A. 2006 ) . In decision, a instruction helper ‘s function is to offer individualized acquisition, pastoral attention and administrative aid. They encourage good acquisition by supplying priceless differentiated larning support to persons and groups of students. Skilled teaching helpers promote enjoyment and accomplishment in a safe, nurturing environment while lending to the academic and emotional well-being of all kids. They set up positive relationships with parents and assist students to go successful members of the school and wider community. ( 1639 words )

Service Organization

One gets good friends and a good wife by the grace of God! Friendship to sprout and grow properly needs certain favorable situations. However my friendship with my guests of the day for this special brunch happened and developed under strange circumstances. God brought them together and united them in prison; in the barracks; in the common ward! How indeed does destiny work, when it decides to do something for the welfare of an individual! They were all young – more or less of equal age. Like any youngster, they too wished to get rich quickly. Is it possible to become so by doing sundry jobs or working in road-side eateries?No, not at all! So they had the holy beginning of their career by taking to pick-pocketing; then they switched over to chain-snatching; but all efforts proved futile–even house-breaking proved to be of no avail, for they could not attain the reasonable standard of living. They wished to do something fruitful and result-oriented – definitely, f or that, they picked up the latest in the line–stealing cars! Indeed they did brisk business and promptly landed in jail – for identical crimes! Destiny chased them again! Coming and going out of the jail became their routine, and their friendship deepened.But they were waiting for the rare opportunity, when they all would be out of the jail at the same time. Destiny obliged them again! When all of them were out of the jail, they decided, â€Å"The time has arrived for us to strike big! Enough of local cars! † Their eyes fell on a Mercedes car, but their patch of bad luck had just commenced – call it their inexperience or the reverse gear for their luck! The first Mercedes they stole belonged to the Chief Secretary of Home Department.. The police — If they will, they have the ability to recover a stolen needle also.Within four hours of the theft, the Chief Secretary was comfortably seated in the air-conditional comfort of his own car – and o ur friends in the jail-cell, badly beaten and bruised! They went through a quick trial and were promptly awarded three years rigorous imprisonment! It was during this period that I got an opportunity to interact with them. I was the volunteer with a Service Organization, that looked after the mental health of the prison inmates and somehow I took instant liking for these four friends. I am good at teaching spirituality to others, and listening to my counseling, they got an opportunity to think deep!. â€Å"On release from the prison, we should also live like any other citizen of the country by giving up the path of crime†. Of late, they had heard of many such stories of ‘transformation’– A gold-smuggler of international repute in that line for two decades after completing his five year jail sentence, bought a plot of land at Mumbai, and started the legitimate profession of building, buying, and selling residential/commercial flats. He then earned so much m oney within two years that he deeply regretted, â€Å"Why I wasted decades of my life in gold- smuggling! This line is more lucrative than gold-smuggling†, he emphatically opined!Each of the four friends had some ‘hard-earned’ savings securely deposited in a foreign bank, notorious for maintaining the secrecy of its important clientele. They all decided to be businessmen by buying shops in a row in a shopping centre, and engage in different trades! Grocery, Electrical Appliances, Photo Studio and Bakery– the plans to open these four shops were finalized. After establishing the businesses, all of them would marry and lead the respectable life of house-holders. They would lead an ideal life, remain good friends, excellent neighbors, and live like members of one family.They discussed and agreed on several such high ideals of life and living. But they imposed a strict condition on themselves. They will never enter into a day-to- day discussion about business m atters. Exactly after one year, they will review the matter – whether they should continue in business or revert to the old profession! They would pursue that vocation which would be more profit-giving and more happiness-providing! Presently what they decided was: They should live with mutual co-operation. They should remain honest among themselves. But, nobody should interfere in the other’s business dealings!â€Å"How soon would you come again? † the Jail Superintendent asked them good-humouredly, on the day of their release from the jail. â€Å"Respected Sir, let this be our last meeting behind the bars. Thank you for your co-operation. Please bless us,† said the friends in unison. On the day of their release, I had a heart to heart talk with them. I will invite them for a treat, exactly after one year to know about their moral ascendancy, and today’s brunch was the result of that gentleman promise! They walked out to their freedom. They bought four shops in a row, in a suburb of Mumbai.On an auspicious day, Grocery shop of Rex, Electrical Appliances shop of Alex, Photo Studio of Tom and Bakery of Sam were opened. From day one, they did reasonable business. But sometimes, when they recalled the adventures of their past-lives, they felt tempted by their old profession. But, according to the mutual understanding, they had to carry on and push the business-cart, at least for one year. After about a month, Rex thought that Alex was doing brisk business. â€Å"If I continue to live with honest dealings for one year, what if I forget my past expertise! † he feared.â€Å"I must do something to at least maintain the level of that expertise,† he surmised! But, suddenly he remembered about the promise he made to his friends to remain honest for one year! But Rex failed to control his mind! â€Å"I must do something. This is the question of my future† – Rex had arrived at a decision! When Alex was not in h is shop, bidding his time, Rex was on his action plan. A copper wire connected Alex’s electrical meter with that of Rex. He had to drill a small hole through the thick wall separating their shops. He did it so efficiently and the concealed wiring was done so nicely that nobody could notice it.From that instant, Alex owned electrical bill of Rex. â€Å"I now save about fifty dollars a month,† he surmised. He was overjoyed! In the third month, when Sam purchased a second-hand car, it set Alex thinking! He too didn’t want to forget his past skills for his secure future! Sam used to park his car at a particular place. Alex dug a tunnel in his shop and the mouth of the subterraneous passage he created, opened right below the petrol tank of the car. He drilled a hole to the petrol tank and fixed a rubber pipe that brought the petrol directly into the waiting container at his shop.He made perfect arrangements for opening and closing the petrol-donating hole of the tank . As soon as Sam parked his car, Alex profited by a liter of petrol daily – gain of about 75 dollars a month. Alex was happy thus! In the fourth month, when Tom got his new telephone connection, Sam thought on similar lines. He lost no time to react. Keenly intelligent as he was, he quickly fixed the ‘pair’ for his newly acquired ‘instrument’, only through Tom’s authorized telephone connection. Since he had the telephone facility now, he renewed his contacts with some of his old friends at distant cities.Of course, he kept his instrument at a secret and a sound-proof corner that he specially created in his shop for the purpose. In the sixth month, Tom was restless. He felt a sense of insecurity even in his dreams! He felt, â€Å"All my friends are progressing and I am left far behind! † He knew the habit of his gluttonous friend Rex. He used to drink a liter of milk and lots of curd daily. A milkman brought milk for him very early in th e morning at 5†² O clock in a special can. He would keep the can on an elevated stand, press the door bell, and disappear into the darkness. Tom purchased an identical can.Everyday, he used to keep his can ready and one liter of water. He replaced this can with the original can of the milkman by pouring one liter of milk in his can. This he did in seconds! There was visible glow on the countenance of Tom—of course, by drinking 30 liters of fresh milk a month, at the cost his dear friend Rex! A year rolled by! The time had now arrived for their annual meeting at my house. I had made excellent reparations for the brunch at their request. All of them had made the joint request that I must serve them that tasteless dal and hard wheat cakes, which they used to eat in the jail!They had eaten so much of it, their internal organs could never forget the taste of that prison stuff! I had to make special arrangements by requesting another jail-bird(since released) who was in the co oking department in the prison I initiated their discussion. Who would give the account of his honest living for the last one year? Then, thus spoke Rex, â€Å"Tom is the youngest amongst us. We are all like his elder brothers. Let us hear his honest thoughts. His views– Tom dear, please speak first. † Tom was overwhelmed to hear the loving words of Rex for the trust he enjoyed with his friends! â€Å"Did I cheat such divine friends?† thought Tom, and he could control himself no more! Tears gushed down from his eyes. In an instant, Tom lay prostrate at the feet of Rex. He gave a detailed account of his misdeed, sobbing intermittently. He gave a solemn promise that he would remain honest at all times and at all costs. Looking at the never ending torrent of tears, Rex, Alex, and Sam–all of them confessed to their crimes and unleashed an uncontrollable crying session! Competition in rhythmic crying! Then Tom owned the difficult responsibility of controlling them! I too lent a helping hand to Tom, to console them! Thereafter, they ate the jail-like stuff, like gluttons!From that day onwards, they really commenced living an honest life–The telephone wire was cut; the meter wire was pulled out; the tunnel was filled with sand; the milk remained unadulterated! â€Å"What is there in the life of crime? If you wish to earn money and become prosperous, enter into business activity†, they used to advise their former prison-inmates since released. Yes, Rex, Alex, Tom & Sam are leading an honest life. They are counted amongst the rich businessmen now. They don’t brag about their rags to riches story. They don’t discuss money matters with anyone at all! For, none of them is paying income tax!

Problems in managing retention and employee absenteeism by HR Managers Essay

Problems in managing retention and employee absenteeism by HR Managers - Essay Example One man leaving the organization can generate insecurity and anxiety at the workplace and can leave behind a situation of low morality, apprehensions and anxiety. It accounts for one of the largest costs that employers need to bear today. Besides losing out on a crucial talent which is valued in the organization, the organization is also likely to suffer from the loss of business reputation and image in the market. This could not only act a catalyst in losing out on the potential talents in the industry but the firm can also appear as an unattractive employer to work with. The spoil of reputation and image can prove to be extremely damaging for the business’s performance and productivity in the market. Employers have been seen to be increasing awareness about the problem. They have been redesigning their policies and practices required for laying the foundation of a productive and satisfied workplace. However, before implementing strategies, a complete and thorough analysis of the potential causes and reasons for turnover must be analyzed. The project seeks to identify the concerns facing HR managers in organizations in trying to retention employees and reduce absenteeism at the workplace. On the grounds of potential concerns for the employer, the project seeks to devise strategies for addressing these problems. Problems in managing retention and employee absenteeism by HR Managers Organizations make a lot of investments on employees in the form of induction and training programs, developmental programs, maintenance and retention programs in the organization. ... Thus, researchers have focussed on the need for understanding turnovers more specifically; the sources which determine the turnover process, their effects and the strategies that managers can put to use to minimize turnovers in the organization. With the expanding aspect of globalization, organizations are increasingly required to develop and generate such tangible products and services which are based on the strategies created by employees. According to Meaghan et al. (2002), these employees are of great critical importance for the organization as their value to the organization is necessarily intangible and cannot be easily replicated. Thus Abbasi et al. (2000) considers it essential for organizations to regard employees as major contributors towards the achievement of organizational goals and objectives. Managers must necessarily control turnover rates for the sake of organizational success. The major literatures on turnovers are thus concentrated on three main areas, namely, sour ces of turnovers, effects of employee turnovers and strategies for minimizing or eliminating turnovers (Ongori, 2007, p.1). Researchers like Bluedorn, 1982; Kalliath and Beck, (2001) have seeked to understand the factors which determine individual’s intentions to quit a job. They have attempted to investigate the possible antecedents of intentions which lead people to quit. Till date there has been very little consistency in their findings from these researches. Thus there can be numerous reasons why people can switch over from one organization to another. Some of the most probable reasons found by Firth et al. (2004), which managers have to

No fixed topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

No fixed topic - Essay Example The four famous composers of this period included Dunstable, Despres, Ockeghem, and Dufay. Following the beginning of tradition in the sixteenth century, many people who were interested in music readily associated themselves with the classical music leading to the abandonment of the model system of the harmonic music. Many music composers shifted from composing harmony music and started composing classical. Composers moved away from composing these traditional types of music, which had lasted for over three hundred years introducing a strong sensation in songs with a definite tonal key (Gangwere 256). This was also termed as a golden period since many masses, anthems, motets, and madrigals followed this new form of music. In addition, this high demand of music lead to the establishment of instrumental music especially keyboard music, which was in the form of fantasies, variation, and dance movements. Some of the note-composers who emerged during this period included Dowland, Byrd, Vi ctoria, Lassus, Cardoso, and many others. During 11th century, one of the genius music composers Guido applied the concept of music to stringed instruments. His diatonic scale, which had eight full tones and seven intervals with two semitones, was the first keyboard to be in use. This type of keyboard had only twenty keys. There are no reliable historical sources showing the first person who applied the concept of the chromatic scale. Later on in 1548, Guiseppe Zarlino added the remaining two semitones to his keyboard. During the sixteenth century, almost every keyboard manufacturers used chromatic scale, which the same thing associated with the modern pianos. Since the development of keyboard, many amendments have been made to the chromatic keyboard to perfect its performance. In 1811, Dr. Krause constructed an improved keyboard whose semitones were of the same level, and all the keys had a uniform color. Later, another piano maker from Vienna constructed a keyboard in the form of concave. The aim of constructing concave-formed keyboard was to follow the learning of the keyboard players’ arm. This is evidence that, the modern keyboard has gone through many amendment, especially the concept of the keys layout. The layout of the whole and semi-tones has evolved over centuries (Gangwere 272). 5. Examine how Enlightenment philosophy and the spirit of capitalism influenced the music of the Classical period. The enlightenment age began in 17th through the 18th century. This was a cultural movement, which started first in Europe and later in the America. The main purpose of enlightenment age was to bring change to the society helping people abandon their traditional believes and cultural practices, and advancing their living standards through scientific measures. It promoted scientific knowledge, which brought intellectual change hence opposing traditional cultures like power abuses by churches and state. This idea of enlightenment had many impacts on culture , politics, and western government. Enlightenment philosophy had great impacts on art. It brought some emphasis on learning whereby arts and music became widespread especially among the middle class people. It also led to the establishment of many study areas where literature, philosophy, science, and expensive art

The Financial Management of Health Facility Research Paper

The Financial Management of Health Facility - Research Paper Example First, the key factors to consider when making pricing and service decision are considered to include the cost of production, profit mark-up and external factors including prices of competitors. Once the right prices and services are rendered, the facility is sure to have a very firm basis for financial performance. Again, there is consideration on the actual financial planning process, where it is said that there are as many as six components in the financial planning process. Each of these components relates to the other to ensure that a firm financial basis is built for the facility. Finally, focus is given to various investment policies that the health facility can involve its self so as to ensure that it keeps an appropriate time value series and is able to overcome all major financial risks. Introduction It is common knowledge that the major business associated with health facilities such as the selected facility is the provision of quality healthcare to patients. However, the researcher is of the opinion that in order for this core objective of the health facility to be achieved, there are some key structures that need to be put in place in order t ensure that this key objective is achieved. One of the key structures is the financial structuring of the facility. As a private health facility that receives no financial assistance from central government, it is expected that there are a number of measures that will be put in place to ensure that the financial requirements needed to successfully run the facility are met. To this end, this research paper is dedicated to looking at some of the key financial structures that need to be instituted for the progressive running of the company. The first of these shall be on the factors to consider in making pricing and service decisions so that the prices issued by the facility will not in any way be a disadvantage towards the competitive advantage it wants to build. The specific financial planning processes that ne ed to be followed by the facility and future investments that will bring the most forms of financial returns shall also be outlined in the paper. Factors to consider in making pricing and service decisions Literature identifies two major factors that need to be taken into account when making any pricing and service planning as in the case of the selected organization, which is a healthy facility. These factors are internal and external price and service determination factors (Tomecek, 2003). Generally, the internal factors are those factors that need to be considered in relation to the expenses that are incurred as part of the in-house planning and services that are rendered to patients. In the case of the identified health facility where the researcher has worked with for some time now, the very first internal factor that needs to be considered is the issue of cost of production. As a matter of fact, the health facility incurs so much cost in its bid to live up to its mission and v ision statement of giving first class health service to patients at first hand supply. Some of the cost of production inculcates into the salaries and remuneration of staff, the outsourcing of drugs and medicine, the payment of bills and rents, the cost of infrastructure, cost of research works that takes place within the facility, cost of machinery and equipment, and the cost of transportation and accommodation.

Corporate Social Responsibility - Perrier Contamination Crisis Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility - Perrier Contamination Crisis - Essay Example ........................................... 5 2.3 Ethical Nature of Response ..................................................................... 5 3.0 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 6 Reference List ......................................................................................................... 7 1.0 Introduction To put it simply, corporate social responsibility is about an attitude and vision on the part of a company to follow goals and fulfil obligations that are not merely legally or economically binding, but which also aim at achieving the results and objectives that serve the larger interests of the whole society (tutor2u 2012). It is a commitment on the part of the businesses to be subject to many charitable goals that are ethical and moral in their scope, and aid the economic development of the society while improving and positively contributing to the quality of life of the varied stakeholders like the consumers, employees, the communities in which they operate and the society at large (tutor2u 2012). It is a tilt in the business processes envisioned, planned and managed by a company in the direction of having an overall and beneficial impact on the society. Corporate social responsibility is about a duty on the part of the modern day corporations to be aware of and respond favourably towards the emerging concerns and objectives of the society (tutor2u 2012). It aims to balance the shareholders’ interests with the societal concerns. Varied researchers and academicians have proposed various models that the organizations could follow to manage their corporate social responsibility liabilities. Carroll model of Corporate Social Responsibility is one important model in that context. Carroll classified the varied CSR prerogatives and obligations of the corporations as a pyramid (Carroll 1991). Economic responsibilities constitute the first level of the pyra mid (Carroll 1991). It is the duty of all the corporations to strive to be profitable. It is the profitability objective that sustains all the other types of corporate responsibilities and obligations. Legal responsibilities constitute the second level of Carroll’s pyramid (Carroll 1991). Laws are nothing but a formal codification of what the society considers to be right or wrong. It is important for the companies to obey laws and play by the rules. It is the responsibility of the corporations to operate in a manner that respects the national and international laws. For example it is the duty of the companies to look to it that the products manufactured by them are as per the set quality and safety standards. Ethical responsibilities constitute the next level of this pyramid that is related to the moral conscience of a company (Carroll 1991). It is important that the companies act in a way that is considered to be right and just and that does not intends to harm others. For instance, if a company uses its financial power and influence to access the resources in a third world community, say mineral wealth or oil, by forcibly uprooting the inhabitants in that community, it may turn out to be profitable, but is certainly not ethical. Companies must behave in a manner that upholds the norms and considerations valued by the society. Philanthropic responsibilities constitute the top level of Carroll’s CSR pyramid. It is when the corporations take the initiative to contribute their resources for achieving social good and for

New Zealand Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

New Zealand Economy - Essay Example The intermingled culture was a blend of their traditions to create a rich cultural mix; with the blend it threated the survival of the Maori people. The New Zealand`s Government is working to promote the growth of its people, as it tries to preserve its culture. The New Zealand people are working together with the government to promote the country so as to make it a better place to live for its people (Britton 4). The country was discovered in December 1642, by Tasman (Britton 4). It has an ocean environment that keeps the climate mild with the prevailing westerly winds; this causes fluctuation of temperatures and rainfalls from East to West. New Zealand experiences the four seasons of winter, spring, summer, and autumn (Smelt 13). It is a rich and complex economy, with a unique society. The economy of New Zealand has been built for over a hundred and fifty years; some of the economic aspects were gotten from the Polynesian heritage, as well as the European culture (Hawke 1). The main economic activities of New Zealand were dependent on the success of wool, dairy, and meat export (Rewi 21). Like many other countries, New Zealand is in search of ways to boost its economic activity. New Zealand economic growth continued until the First World War, but there were economic interruptions. During the 1920s, the nation was marked with economic uncertainties, and in 1930s it experienced a great depres sion. New Zealand saw its exports restrained by limited growth of demand for meat, wool, and dairy products in 1920s, and was affected by the falling prices of these products in the 1930s. Hawke points out that â€Å"The depression of the 1930s was a major social political event in New Zealand’s history, even if the experience of poverty and unemployment was not great by international standards† (6). Export prices guided the recovery from the depression, while in the meantime, North American and European economies also recovered. The depression in New Zealand brought to power a Labor government, and when this government came across economic problems, it chose to use the unorthodox policies. The depression was combined with the efforts to protect the economy of New Zealand from international events. New Zealand’s economy changed during the 1930s with the regulation of imports and exchange controls, which linked to aspects of a reserved and secured economy (Hawke 6).New Zealand is a small open economy that relies on trade and financial markets trends to ensure output performance, and its vaporization linked to development in the rest of the world. The dependence on New Zealand’s growth leaves it vulnerable to economic performance in the market. Financial markets are an important passage way in which New Zealand’s business cycle is influenced by the United States economies (IMF 3). Robert Reich of Labor Party brought New Zealand to foresee the twenty-first century deficit of national products, corporations and industries. For many years, New Zealand`s economy was built on â€Å"free markets† and â€Å"free trade†, and investment seemed invincible (Kelsey 1).The enthusiasts wanted to advance the process more swiftly, but critics came up with ways to mitigate the unfavorable effects of globalization, particularly on the environment and labor. The â€Å"‘unrealistic critics’ denounced the growing inequal ities and poverty and warned of erosion of democracy and the potential for unregulated capitalism to implode† (Kelsey 1). After many years of fundamental theory-driven transition, it was surprising that the people of New Zealand of 1990 began to acknowledge the importance of their political and social world in Government

China the Onechild Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

China the Onechild Policy - Essay Example It emerged from the belief that development would be compromised by rapid population growth and that the sheer size of China's population together with its young age structure presented a unique challenge." (Kane and Choi, 1999). Therefore, a reflective analysis of the one child family policy in China confirms that it was developed and implemented in reply to the concerns about the social and economic consequences of the sustained fast growth of population in the country and the execution of the policy was more effective in urban areas than rural areas of China. One of the major criticisms of the policy has been that it brings about inequity against females, who are often aborted, abandoned, or unregistered and there are reports of fines, pressures to abort a pregnancy, and even forced sterilization in the case of second or subsequent pregnancies. The rigorous implementation of the policy became more difficult due to social and economic reforms. However, one of the most important con sequences of the policy has been that it eased some of the pressures of rapid population increase on communities and it has reduced the population of the nation by at least 250 million. In this paper, a profound analysis of the one child policy in China is carried out in order to point out some of the good and bad effects accompanying the policy. China: the good and bad effects of one-child policy The one-child policy, which comes under the official translation of family planning policy of the Chinese government, has been one of the very important steps taken by the government in order to control the population growth in the nation and the policy officially restricts the number of children to the urban couples. Introduced by the Chinese government in 1979 to deal with the social, economic, and environmental problems in China, this policy has affected around 35.9% of China's population today. It is essential to realize the various significant aspects of the policy in order to make a good analysis of the good and bad effects of one-child policy in China. In a reflective analysis of the essential aspects of the policy, it becomes lucid that "the aim was to curtail population growth, perhaps to 1.1 billion and certainly to 1.2 billion, by the year 2000. It was hoped that third and higher order births could be eliminated and that about 30% of couples might agree to forgo a second c hild. The ideal of a one child family implied that the majority would probably never meet it People were to be encouraged to have only one child through a package of financial and other incentives, such as preferential access to housing, schools, and health services." (Kane and Choi, 1999). Thus, the one-child policy was the result of a common realization that the sacrifice of second or third children was very essential for the sake of future generations of China which is the most populous country in the world. One of the crucial factors about China's one-child family policy has been that it has crucially influenced the lives of nearly a quarter of the world's population for more than a quarter of the century and it is essential to realize the good and bad effects of the policy. A background analysis of China's one-child family policy makes clear that the Chinese government embarked on this policy in 1979, following the economic stagnation of the

Business and Accounting Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business and Accounting Ethics - Essay Example The main purpose of business ethics is to maintain a code of conduct which reinforces consumer confidence in the business. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) has put down ethical guidelines for accounting. The AICPA's first principle of professional conduct states: "In carrying out their responsibilities as professionals, members should exercise sensitive professional and moral judgments in all their activities." The Golden Rule is this that one should live their life with integrity and bearing a sound moral character. Success cannot be measured by the acquisition of money only. A 1987 survey of corporate executives administered by Touche Ross revealed that two thirds believed that high ethical standards improve a firm's competitive position but felt that "increased concentration on short-term earnings" and "decay in cultural and social institutions" are major threats to business ethics. [1] Ethics must be the cornerstone of every business. This applies to my real estate and loan brokerage businesses aptly. The article stresses on transparency and pursuing good moral values in order to earn long term benefits. Ethics is also essential in building trust and confidence in the public for your business. Real Estate businesses have to do with direct interaction with the customers. Ethics is especially relevant here.

Appropriation of The Department of Defense From The Federal Budget Essay

Appropriation of The Department of Defense From The Federal Budget - Essay Example According to the Department of Defense, the Bush administration in the US has fought the war on terror on the offensive to counter any proposed, planned terror attacks and to uproot terror camps in places such as Afghanistan and Iraq. The Defense department has claimed that the US military has been able to remove threats to US security in Afghanistan and Iraq and has liberated 50 million people of these countries. The Defense department has also claimed that it has raised pay levels for US service men and women and the rise in pay levels has been 21% with expanded targeted pays and bonuses. The military personnel and their families are also provided with better services and housing through new constructions and privatization. The defense budget has also shown an increased spending by 26% and this has been able to transform the Nation's defenses with the largest increase in military spending recorded since the Reagan administration. To improve readiness rates, transformational and joi nt training program has also been launched in the defense department with increased research and development funding by 56%. The Defense department has also claimed that there has been doubled investments in missile defense systems and the first ever land and sea based systems have been deployed (provided by the Department of Defense statement, 2005). The US defense agenda thus seems to be based on a war on terror, improving housing quality of military personnel, increased research and development in defense sectors, and increased pay for military personnel. The Department of defense gives further arguments in favour of an increased defense budget since the time of Reagan's presidential administration. According to the Department of Defense, the following reasons of Defense spending have been advanced. According to the Department of Defense, the Bush administration's agenda and defense spending - advances and promotes US' ongoing efforts in the Global War on Terror; provides for $401.7 billion of Defense Department's base budget, and this indicates an annual increase of seven percent, for a total increase in defense spending of 35 percent since 2001; makes considerable progress in transforming the Department to meet new threats and prepared to face new challenges; and continues improvements in the quality of life for US military personnel and their families by providing them with higher pay and better homes. (Department of Defense, 2005) Global war on terror and the need to meet new threats seem to have shaped the defense budget and increased defense spending to a whopping $401.7 billion with an annual increase of 7% and a total increase of as high as 35% since 2001. In comparison, China's Defense budget has also increased from $22 billion to nearly $30 billion in 2005. Thus although US defense spending seems to have shown a steady rise since the September 11 attacks in 2001, China's defense budget has shown drastic increases after 2002. China's defense spending may have been attempting to keep pace with other countries and defense budget has increased by 12.6%. China's defense spending is higher than that of Taiwan, India or South Korea. Although China's defense s

Opportunity to make this film Essay Example for Free

Opportunity to make this film Essay Let him have it, Chris are the words used by Derek. The audience could interpret this statement in two different ways as an instruction to shoot or as a request to hand the weapon over. The audience is led to believe that Bentley meant the latter, but Craig interprets the line in the first way. He fires at the detective, wounding him in the shoulder. The impulsive movement of the camera and the unmistakeable sound of a gunshot are both used, with great effect, to scandalize the audience. The detective then retreats for cover, verbally and physically abusing Derek, Have you got a fucking gun, too, eh? He pushes him hard against the wall using his own body as a ram. This may have been to increase his levels of cover, reducing a possible target, but the audience think of it as intimidating Derek. The detective then proceeds to caution Bentley, but groans with pain before he can finish. He then finds the knuckle duster Bentley is carrying, a present from Craig. He seems to blame Bentley, forcing him against the wall, causing the audience to feel sorry for him even though what he has done is clearly wrong. The next scene is showing Craig reloading his weapon behind an access point to the roof. After each round he loads into the magazine, a police officer is shown in a police station being handed a gun before running out of shot. This gives the viewers the impression that each round in Craigs weapon is meant for that particular officer. This again makes the audience feel that hes there to kill, not just to get away, condemning him as some sort of maniac. The next thing shown is Chris firing randomly into the air as he moves closer to the camera. It shows him as being much more confident than before, as though this event was his rite of passage, his destiny. His teeth are clenched, ready for war and he wears a crazy smile, as though he is indeed insane. This confidence is not shared by Bentley, however, who is shown to be scared and worried. Later on, the same actions are taking place but as Craig walks amongst the skylights on the roof they light up, signifying that police were now inside the building. Police are shown to be in the very stairwell that Derek and the DC are hiding behind. An officer approaches the door, but before he can open it, another says Here, let me. This is ironic as the next sequence of events will show. The colour inside this tiny room is once again gold, annotating these characters as friendly. As the first officer jumps out from the door to join up with his colleague he is immediately shot by Craig. As this happens, the speed of the film slows, showing you the full gore of the fall the policeman has to take. The music then turns low as if to say that wasnt a good idea . As DC Fairfax runs inside shouting Get me a fucking gun, Derek wanders to the body. The camera then switches to a different shot, this one as though the audience are in Dereks head. The camera tentatively swoops from normal eye level to the body and then back up. He then gazes back at Craig, muttering You shot him. Stay back. At this point the audience does know that Craig has turned into a maniac, rejecting one of his friends. Two officers then grab Derek and use him as a shield to retreat back to the stairs. This makes Bentley appear as just a tool rather than a person, the police regarding him as a means to an end rather that an end in itself. You bastard uttered a police officer lingering in the stairwell as the two grasped him in a head lock. Now the door was open the colour inside the building had changed, or been infected with the chilling blue. Because of that the police had changed from someone the audience could trust into someone to be wary of. Meanwhile, Craig continues to fire randomly into the air, shouting abuse at the people present, You aint getting up here that way copper, Come on then, Im only sixteen. This action shows the audience his insanity and the amount of courage he has because this statement makes the audience believe that he feels he can take on the world. Eventually DC Fairfax re-emerges with a revolver too. He bides his time, waiting behind the cover of the stairwell. After a burst of fire, the audience hear a click. It is clear to all but Craig what this means. Fairfax advances, into no mans land, ready to face off his opponent. Stay back, says Chris, pointing the gun at the detective. But he continues to advance. Click. Click, Click. Craigs out of ammunition. He begins to step backwards, away from Fairfax. In a desperate attempt to end it, Craig turns the gun on himself and pulls the trigger, braced for impact. Click Click Click. He now begins to whimper, Fairfax pushing him further and further away. In a last ditch attempt, Craig summersaults from the roof onto a nearby greenhouse. The siege had ended. Throughout the whole of the scene, chilling blue was used to amplify the feeling of dread the audience are already feeling. This case is well publicised in all types of media, although not all sources sympathise with Derek. The Daily mail, the best selling newspaper at the time, printed a highly sensationalised and inaccurate report which claims Craig was in possession of a sten gun, a fully automatic weapon of devastating proportions. After the battle they report a heroic chase of the gunmen, over rooftops and down fire escapes. This relates to the film well, as this is biased, but on the part of the police, a normal response to murder. Another curious aspect of the investigation is whether Bentley actually even said the words that eventually killed him. During the trial, Craig denied the words were said. One police officer confirmed this in his statement, writing, I did not write it down because I did not hear it. I did not hear it down because it was not said. Claude Pains statement was later lost by police. Controversy still shrouds this topic, and, indeed, the whole court cases truth. It has been suggested in the book Let Him Have It, Chris by M. J. Trow that the words that hung Bentley may have been borrowed from the case of Rex V. Appleby who was hung for inciting his accomplice to kill a policeman by shouting Let him have it, he is all alone. Did the police believe what had hung Appleby would hang Bentley? These statements point out yet more bias acts to swing the trial in favour of the police. It seems that there is much biased activity within the real life events as well as the film. While the director has chosen that the character should say these words, he has ignored the fact the police constable killed on the roof, Sydney Miles, was a father of two. This may have been omitted so as not to prevent the audience feeling sympathy towards Derek and even some sympathy towards Chris. The next scene is after the court case and the sentence has been passed. The family has campaigned Bentleys innocence and found many to believe this too. The trial, too, has been uncovered as a sham. It is discovered that Derek has the mental age of eleven and should never have been tried. Victory seems almost certain for the Bentleys, but their pleas for a pardon have been rejected. Many feel this an injustice. The scene starts with Dereks father walking out, into his street, and looking around in despair. Although this action is shown for a mere two seconds, if that, a lot can be deduced. His pace is slow, his face pensive. As he walks out, the postman greets him with just one letter, a great deal less than days before. The camera zooms out, to reveal the street empty. This creates a sense of solace, that no-one is there to support the family. The roads are lined with decaying leaves, a sign that Derek is missed, for it was his job to clear them up. Their position is important, too. They are all in the gutter, suggesting that the father, like the leaves, is in the gutter too. The leaves are also dying, a subliminal message of whats to come. The next event is the constant switching of shot from the cell of Derek to the familys sitting room with them all gathered round, supporting each other. Nothing happens during these scenes, but the family is shown expressing their emotions. The use of this technique shows a direct link between them and Derek. Once again, Derek, or at least his face, is bathed in an almost angelic light. Close ups of everyones faces are used to convey just how much emotion he family are feeling. This technique also causes the audience to feel their sadness with the family, as though they were a member of that family. The section following that is of Bentley sitting down, crouched forward, over himself like an animal trying to protect itself. The vicar is reciting the Lords Prayer and Derek is saying as much as he can. This action suggests he now has no-one that can help him but God. He has stopped denying the inevitable and has accepted it. Gold is the predominant colour in this scene, warming the characters involved as though they are saints. The prayer is also what was said by the little girl before she spots Craig and Bentley climbing over the gates of the factory. This provides a waypoint in the film the audience can revisit, as though to say What if? The family is shown in the living room once again, but this time from above. This effect makes it feel like Derek is looking down at them, as though already dead. It tell the audience that there is only one future for Derek. This reciting is interrupted, however, by the guard telling him its time in a more forceful way. As soon as the door is flung open, the colour inside the room is changed by that of the outside. It is now dark and blue once more, suggesting, quite rightly, that the mood inside the cell has changed. The ensuing action is very rapid, providing a harsh contrast between the relaxed readings of the vicar and the short, sharp officials. The first line said is Here, drink this. Once Derek has drunk the liquid the camera acts, once again, like the audience are looking at the events through Dereks perspective. This rapid series of events gives the audience an impression of force, that Derek is being pushed into something that should never have happened. The camera cuts to Dereks supporters outside the prison, showing he audience that even the general public believe what will happen is wrong, reinforcing the audiences belief. The camera shows the crowd and then pans upward, showing the large towers of the prison. This is to show that the government is more far powerful than the people below. The coat of arms lies on the wall, meant to signify justice. The audience are now mentally branding everyone running the prison as evil. The scene shows that everyone is behind Derek, and makes the viewers ask why? Why did this happen? The camera shows Derek being led to the gallows, between two lines of executioners. The camera pans around these lines, showing, once again, the full might of authority. It makes the audience as well as Bentley feel as though there is no way out, no going back. Derek is taken into the execution room, blindfolded and hung. Once the blindfold is added, the music stops and now all the audience can hear is Dereks loud breathing. This creates a sense of apprehension, like they dont want to see what is about to happen. The action is once again very rapid, like the executioners dont even want to be there. The room is dark and has no source of light apart from a small window. As the execution is completed, Dereks shoes are shown falling off his feet and hitting the floor. There is now a lingering shot of them. They symbolise Derek, in a way. They give the impression that this is all that is left of him. They also highlight his mental age once more as they arent tied. After Derek is killed, the camera flies up, out of the room and returns to the family. This could be his spirit, flying away and returning to his home and family once more. As this takes place, there is no music, just the scared and agitated breathing of Derek. As the spirit enters the home, the audience can see the colours have changed. What was once lit with gold and yellow is now illuminated using the same chilling blue of that fateful night. This signifies that the mood inside the house has changed from warm and welcoming to cold and unforgiving. The family are shown crying on each others shoulders and the camera pans round the room to the clock, which is now the only thing audible over the crying. As the whimpers grow louder, the clock stops. This signifies that time has run out for Derek. As the credits begin to roll, the crying is faded out and silence follows. Medak has used every tool at his disposal to promote sympathy for Bentley and his family. The lighting is dark and harsh when showing characters that bring Derek down, while those that are friendly towards him are lit using gold and yellow. The music is repetitive and unforgiving, creating links to previous scenes it the audiences mind. Often there are large gaps with no music whatsoever to emphasize the action taking place. The camera often switches from a third person view to the action as though it were Derek to show the audience exactly what he can see. The camera also persists in showing the audience of Dereks suffering. The dialogue of many other characters involves swearing regularly, but not in the case of Derek or his family. They are shown to be as near angelic as humanly possible. Dereks dialogue is childlike and predictable, another method of showing the audience his mental age. The director has achieved his goal tremendously well. The director, in my view, has strayed from the truth very little, but has neglected to include certain aspects of the story altogether to promote sympathy for Bentley and his family. The film is, indeed biased, and that is clear in the audiences mind as the film ends, but then, most people, having been given the opportunity to make this film, would have produced it as biased.

How Good Communication Skill Is Significant In Healthcare

How Good Communication Skill Is Significant In Healthcare This study is all about how communication helps and how good communication skill is significant in health and social care environment. Effective communication is crucial for health and social care. What is communication? Communication is nothing but just the exchange of information and meaning by using symbols and signs between individuals. The sender, message, receiver and feedback are the four components used in the process of communication. And to have a continuous flow of communication it is necessary to comprehend to each component. Communication takes place in many forms like verbal, non-verbal, formal and informal, written, etc. Communication helps in comprehending human behaviour. Application of all these techniques of communication is required in health and social care. So for an effective social and health care it is essential to have good interpersonal and communication skill. Use of Communication Skill in Health Social Care Context Communication skills are of great importance in any field. It is very much necessary to communicate with the target audience in the way they comprehend it and also it is of great significance to comprehend the intellectual and physical limitations of the targeted audience. Let us simplify it by taking an example: Let us take a hypothetical situation, consider you are a doctor and practicing on a child and the child is having some heart problem. In this case you will not expect that child to comprehend the lengthy report on his heart functioning test. So definitely you would water it down. Many such examples can be given to understand the importance of communication to health and social care. Communication skill helps in organising a conversation, helps in probing the opposite person, it also helps in keeping the conversation going. Also communication skills are necessary in order to build up a good and health relation with the people using your services, also it helps in comprehending and meeting the needs of the person as well as can bond up with their friends and families. It helps in sending and receiving the information with the people taking up your services. There are many different types of communication named one-to-one communication, group communication, formal communication and informal communication, written communication. In health and social care generally a formal communication is used, which generally starts with the greeting. It is generally used to show respect towards the person and it is also a communication starter. A professional person generally in health and social care uses formal communication in order to speak to opposite person in regards to the services. It is exact, clear and avoids misunderstandings. Another communication, which is generally used in health and social care, is written communication. In health and social care environment, written communication is central to the work of any person when keeping records or in writing any reports. Different styles of writing are needed for different types of communication but the basic of all is the requirement of literacy skills. When recording any information about a patient a very formal style of writing is required. Barriers to Communication in Health Social Care Many things contribute in stopping an effective communication. People working with health and social care should comprehend the barriers in order to overcome them. Effective communication is very much necessary in health and social care setting; if the communication is not effective or understandable than it would be difficult for a service user to involve in the discussion regarding the care or planning the future. Similarly, it would be difficult for a service provider to help the service user if he do not understand what the person is trying to ask. Few of the barriers are language problems, jargons, acronyms, health issues, stress, emotional difficulties, environmental problems, misinterpretation, aggression, etc. Let us briefly understand all the above-mentioned barriers: Language Problem (Foreign Language): Using a language other than local or using sign language creates problem for both the service provider and user in comprehending each other. Even if someone tries and helps out in translating the message, it is again difficult to pass the message clearly. Jargons: Technical words used by the service provider, may not be understandable by service user. For example, if a patient rushes to doctor and to diagnose the problem doctor asks the patient to do a MRI scan and blood test than that would certainly sound scary to that patient. Instead of directly imposing what to do if the doctor explain what the MRI scan is and why it is required than the patient would be more relaxed. Acronyms: Acronyms are the initials of the shortened words. In health and social care lots of acronyms are used and they are confusing too. Sometimes subconsciously the use of acronyms is made which makes the opposite person feels left out. For example, if a health care professional says that you have to take these tablets TDS. What did you comprehend from this sentence? So we feels left out her. Here TDS means three times a day. It is also related to jargon. Health issue: When a person is not feeling well or is not in the best of his health, it becomes difficult for him to communicate effectively as he is not well. This definitely affects the service user and colleagues too. So the people who are being taken care in the hospital due to some illness might not be able to communicate like normal. Also the patients who are being treated in the hospital for their long-term sickness like Parkinsons disease also affect their ability to communicate. So if you are working in health and social care than you should be aware about such scenarios and should be capable enough to handle it. Stress: Stress also causes difficulty in communication. A person if stressed out might not listen properly and so he might misunderstand or misinterpret the conversation. Stress also cause difficulty in speaking or might be tearful as well. Emotional difficulties: At times everyone faces emotional difficulties and get upset. For example, a fight between husband and wife, a split up between boyfriend and a girl friend or a bad new; all these contributes towards emotional difficulties. Here as the person is already preoccupied he might not hear to what is being said and so this might lead to misunderstanding. Environmental Problems: It is the communication affected by environment. For example, if someone is having reading problem (due to weak eyesight) than the person will surely struggle in reading the written information in low light. A person on a wheelchair may face problem in talking to a receptionist if the desk is too high. Aggression: Unpleasant and frightening behaviour is aggression. It can be mental, verbal or physical and can cause emotional harm or pain. For example, a person working in health and social care irritated or annoyed due to some reasons than the person to whom he is providing service might feel threatened or dominated and so might not be able to respond. This results in the offering of the bad services. Ways to deal with inappropriate Interpersonal Communication Selection of wrong words or use of passive vocabulary, body language misinterpretation or cultural insensitivity leads to inappropriate interpersonal communication. In such case what can be done to avoid such problem is: Always rephrase in simpler and different words to whatever has been said in order to avoid unnecessary confusion and misunderstand. One of the way to deal with inappropriate communication in focusing, it also helps in preventing communication barriers. Attentive listening without interrupting is also one of the ways to deal with it. Respectful respond should be given to persons opinion and listeners view should not be imposed. One of the communication strategies for providing comfort is empathy; an empathic approach helps in comprehending. Factors influencing Communication Process in Health Social Care Communication process is influenced in several ways. According to Watson, the action of caring includes communication, support, positive regards or physical interventions by the nurse (1985 cited in Kozier at el, 2004, p.419). A sense of care is felt through communication, although a lot depends on interpersonal attitude as well. A sense of importance and worth is felt when respect is given and opinions and ideas are accepted and not judged. Also a terrible feel during an interaction is also a factor of communication barrier. Judgemental action, probing, agreeing/disagreeing, stereotyping, rejecting are the non-therapeutic responses (Kozier at el, 2004, p.432). Cultural Factors Influencing Communication Process What is Culture? Culture refers to beliefs, shared and learned values and behaviour, which is common to a particular group of people (Orbe Bruess, 2005). Music, food, dress, customs and celebration are also included in culture. Communication and culture are the two inseparable. Culture is a significant part of our perspective through which we see the world. Culture is shaped by communication and is also learned through communication. Communicating with people from same culture is different and communicating with people from different culture is a different experience. Although culture is powerful, they are frequently influencing conflicts and unconscious. Always remember two things about culture; one is that culture are always changing and the other is they communicate to symbolic dimension of life. According to Stella Ting there are three ways where communication process is affected by culture. First is Cognitive Constraint which is the reference frame that provides surrounding that all new information is compared to or inserted into. Second is Behaviour Constraint; it is about culture having their own rules of behaviour regarding verbal and nonverbal communications. For example, how much distance should be maintained when talking to the other person, whether to look in the other person eye or not, etc? The final one is Emotional Constraint; every culture has their own way of showing emotions. For example, there are many cultures that get emotional when debating on an issue; they yell, cry, etc. While many cultures tend to remain calm and keep their emotions hidden. All these cultural difference leads to communication problems. This is more likely to happen when dealing with cross cultures. To overcome these problem only awareness regarding the cultures is needed. Legislation, Code of Practice and Policies in Health Social Care Legislation- Legislation are the laws made by parliaments, these laws shows the right of an individual, group or an organisation. All the health social care settings should comprehend the significance of sticking to legal guidance as this can defend against the poor practice. For example, the data protection acts, freedom of information act, care standards act, race relation act, etc. Policies- In order to promote equal opportunities and strengthen the code of practice of particular professional bodies it is must for an organisation to have policies and procedures. Policies includes confidentiality, harassment and bullying, health and safety, equal opportunities, risk assessment, etc. Code of Practice- Since 2000, it has become vital for all health and social care settings to have a professional code of practice. In order to inform the practitioner about their rights and responsibilities and to guide the code of practice is kept. It is mandatory for all health and social care worker to carry out an induction period where the proper training leading to appropriate qualification is given. Same code of practice is followed by Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and England. Health Social Care Services with specific Communication needs People having cognitive impairment, language and sensory deficit, structural deficits and paralysis need specific communication (Kozier et al. 2004, p.438). In general, the care worker uses the SOLER technique by Egan (1986), it helps in effective communication with the clients, and makes them feel safe and trust the caregiver. SOLER stands for: S- Sit squarely in relation to the patient O- Open position L- Lean slightly towards the patient E- Eye contact R- Relax This technique helps in good interaction and can be used for both; people with or without any special needs. Depending on the type of communication impairment different strategies and techniques can be used. For people with hearing problem or who are deaf, BSL (British Sign Language) was introduced which was eventually accepted by UK government officially in 2003 and now this sign language has become universal. But it is different in each place of origin. Not only people with hearing impairment learn this language but also the people who interact with these people learn this language. For example, friends and families. Also Lip-speaking is a technique used for deaf. In lip-speaking interaction through facial expression, gesture and mouth is done without making any sound. There is one more technique, which is used for people with learning difficulties such as structural deficit and paralysis and cognitive impairment. It is known as Makaton. Makaton uses common vocabulary and is much simple. It uses symbol, action as well as speech, unlike BSL. This is a very helpful technique for people with limited ability to communicate. For Blind people reading and writing method through Braille is used. It is useful for every individual who is completely dependent on sense. Finally, Human Aids, Human aids are the people helping communicate with each other. Translator, interpreter, etc are the examples of human aids. Information Communication Technology (ICT) in Health Social Care ICT provides great support for care professional and other staff in order to provide effective, fast and convenient care. Visible and workable ICT is required in order to deliver high standards. In order to get the quality outcome data and to give the best possible care to people it is needed to exploit ICT. Individuals quality care depends on easy access to care plans and electronic records. It must be capable enough to distribute information across health and social care. ICT helps in delivering more effective and better healthcare services. ICT helps doctors, hospitals and pharmacist for taking better care of our health. ICT helps in saving lives, improving patients care, helps in reducing cost in health care. For example, a patient with heart problem will be carrying a monitor, which will alarm the doctor if any changes in patient condition and will let them do their task. ICT use is central to social work, which is concerned with sharing assessments and exchanging information with other professionals and practitioners. Quickly and securely medical data can be exchanged. ICT has made the operation simpler than before. The basic ICT at health social care includes: Quality care (efficient and effective care service) Empowerment (patients involving in their own care activities) Availability (waiting time, access and better utilization of resources) Care continuity (information sharing and coordinating with care provider) Patient safety (risk is reduced in regards to patient harm) Some of the technologies used at health care are CDMS (Chronic Disease Management System), CPOE (Computerised Practitioner Order Entry), CDS (Clinical Decision Support), ETP (Electronic Transfer of Prescription), Electronic Appointment Booking, PHR (Personal Health Record), Telemedicines, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Bar-coding, etc. ICT is used everyday at health care. ICT is used in administrative department to keep a check on in and out of the patients, to keep the records of the patients staff as well.

Harry Potter Book Review Essay

Harry Potter Book Review Essay The Harry Potter books are very successful upon their being published. The Harry Potter books describe us as muggles, non magical people who live our lives not knowing the existence of wizards. The books allow us to envision a magical world that we are unable to see. Wizards are usually tolerant and good toward muggles. The book thins the line between real life and fantasy. People love an unlikely hero who isnt supposed to succeed and one who is an underdog in life. Harry Potter with a scar on his forehead, usually broken glasses, his small skinny frame and lateness about learning the wizard world, is that underdog hero that everyone covets to see. He succeeds in his endeavors because he is enthusiastic, he has a significant amount of courage, and the best friends anyone person could hope to have. He is one of the most courageous characters you will ever read about in a fantasy novel. Its stunning how much more he cares about other people than he does himself. He and his friends would die for each other which is the trademark of a friendship that can go no higher. The book contains all the elements of adventure stories, coming of age, monsters, magic, sports, and miracles. Its like a snickers bar. Everyone loves chocolate, caramel, peanuts and nougat. Put them all together and you have one tasty concoction. There is also, for the first time, a magical town introduced called Hogsmade. According to the book, its the only all-magical town in Britain. Starting in the third year, the students are allowed to travel there, which is only a few miles away, on scheduled visits. CHARACTERS: Ron Weasley is the best friend of Harry Potter. His self esteem is as erratic as the stock market. Unlike Harry, he has no financial means. His father is a member of the Ministry of Magic and his family is backed by generations of pure blooded wizards, but Ron is often picked on by Malfoy for wearing tattered robes, for living in an old house, and for not having a rich father. Ron is deeply loyal to the people he loves as is evident in this book when he simply refuses to speak to Hermione for turning Harrys new broomstick into Professor McGonagall. He and Harry are inseparable. Ron tends to be perceived as a sidekick to Harry, which is not true at all. Ron feels valued by Harry and doesnt seem to mind this that much, but sometimes he seems to feel pushed to the side. He is adventurous and sometimes mischievous but usually with good intentions. In at nutshell, Hermione Granger is a know-it-all who is never shy to voice her opinion. In the same way that Harry represents courage and Ron represents loyalty, Hermione represents the only brain the trio seems to have. I honestly wonder what they would do without her. They always rely on her expert spell knowledge and quick thinking. Hermione was born to a muggle family, but she is the top student in her class. Her muggle blood makes hear a favorite target for the antagonist of the trio, Draco Malfoy. Although she disapproves of Ron and Harrys behavior (sometimes), she stands by them. When in doubt, she turns to books. She is a type of person that believes a book has the answer to almost any problem. In the book, shes stressed by work constant conflicting with Ron, so several times she snaps and lets loose of the rule breaking demon inside of her, once hitting Malfoy, and another time walking out on Divination class when the professor insulted her. It is her magic hourglass, called the time turner that allows her to go back in time to take extra classes, and helps her and Harry save Sirius and Buckbeak. Harry Potter is the thirteen-year-old protagonist of the story and the entire series. He is famous in the wizard community for being the boy who lived. When he was one year old, the most powerful dark wizard Lord Voldermort tried to kill him but the curse rebounded upon him and he nearly died. As a result of the curse rebounding back at Voldermort, Harry was left with a small lightening shaped scar on his forehead. Harry doesnt remember these events, and because was orphaned by Voldemorts attack, he lives with his aunt, uncle, and cousin. His relatives do not tolerate any mention of magic in the house. They call it the M word. He was raised just short of constant abuse. He is humble and doesnt like to take credit for accomplishments so he stays away from special treatment and praise. He wants to live a normal life in the wizarding world. He always succeeds in his quests through a mix of skill and help from his friends and then some more help from his friends. Harry runs into Sirius Black because he entered the Whomping Willow in attempt to rescue his best friend Ron. Harry would do anything for his friends Ron and Hermione. Even though he is not the most powerful wizard, or the most skilled wizard, Harry bests more experienced and more talented wizards because he is brave, quick, and resourceful. THEMES: There are many themes in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. The author J.K. Rowling is very good with putting meaning behind her words. Some of it is subtle and some of it is easily noticeable. One of the themes that I noticed is that nothing may seem what it is, that everything has another side or is two-faced. This is evident in multiple instances. We first see it when the Defense against the Dark Arts Teacher, Professor Lupin, who spends much of his time being good professor that all the Gryffindors like, and then another part as a being werewolf. We now can concur that everything is capable of having another side. We see it once again when Sirius Black turns out to be innocent. Everyone thought he was a mass murder who killed 13 people, but he wasnt. Hermione, who normally abides by rules and follows them like the bible begins to break the rules. This one may be a stretch but Buckbeak the Hippogriffs execution was reversed through an intrusion in time with Hermiones time turner. Nothing in this story is ever what it seems like. Its such a page turner that keeps you guessing and guessing again. Everything stands in a pole position to surprise you. In  Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban,  every story has two sides. Its like the Schrà ¶dingers cat thought experiment for Quantam Physics. We have to believe that the cat is both alive and dead at the same time. Its the same way with this book. We have to believe that both possibilities can happen. POINT OF VIEW: The point of view for the entire book is third person limited. Third person limited point of view is essentially living through only one character, usually the main character. In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, the character you live through is, you guessed it, Harry Potter. We get a sense of Harrys thoughts and senses constantly. We always not what he is thinking and feeling. In this book, we never stray from Harrys mind. Every single part of the book we read through Harrys, eyes, ears, smell, touch, tastes, and thoughts.

Access to Review Essay -- Supreme Court

When it comes to our courts there are many rules and regulations that our Supreme Court Justices must abide by. There are many restraints placed upon them and their ability to legally hear a case. Justices are restrained by the types of cases before them as well as jurisdiction, legitimacy and capacity, judicial role, and access to review. Under access to review there are many interesting caveats to the law that must be looked at with a critical eye and an understanding that not all cases are able to be heard by the Supreme Court. Access to review touches quite a few rules within the court; three of which will be discussed herein: ripeness, standing, and justicabilty. Ripeness is the notion that a case is ready to be heard before the Supreme Court only when all other involved agencies have exhausted their efforts to solve the dispute. The purpose of ripeness or of the doctrine introduced by ripeness ‘Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies’ is to prevent the courts premature involvement in cases that have yet to reach a final decision by other remedies and through other administrative agencies. In addition to these ripeness restrictions, the doctrine also provides that cases must face an immediate and nearly definite promise of adverse governmental action before a case may be heard before the Supreme Court. The doctrine â€Å"Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies† was adapted to give overseeing administrative agencies the authority to handle grievances within their jurisdiction as afforded to them by congress. â€Å"Requiring exhaustion helps agencies avoid the cost of making decisions without all interested parties present; increases accuracy, consistency, and public acceptability of administrative decisions; conserves judicial resou... ...st of time. Our court system is terribly overburdened and we must maintain a sense of law and order if it is going to continue to work in favor of the most deserving litigants. â€Æ' Works Cited Gelpe, Marcia R., "Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies: The Lesson from Environmental Cases" (1985).Faculty Scholarship Paper 81. http://open.wmitchell.edu/facsch/81 For Encyclopedia of American Law: Standing. (n.d.) West's Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2. (2008). Retrieved April 20 2014 http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/standing John E. Finn (2006). "Civil Liberties and the Bill of Rights". The Teaching Company. "Part I: Lecture 4: The Court and Constitutional Interpretation Murphy, Walter F., C. Herman Pritchett, and Lee Epstein. Courts, judges & politics: An introduction to the judicial process. 6th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2002.

Get Back to Work! :: essays research papers

A couple of months ago, my company installed a system to record the phone calls of certain employees. They set the recorder to record only the employees who have outside contacts with customers, regulatory boards, or contract personnel. The company implemented this system to resolve conflicts, clarify positions, protect the integrity of the company’s contracts and verbal commitments, and provide for sales and customer service training. Naturally, this did not go over well with some of the employees who thought this was an invasion of their privacy. Some of the employees started using their cell phones or other company phones to make their personal calls. Others would complain to their coworkers and supervisors about the company’s disrespect for their privacy. I believe that employees should not be bothered by the fact the company is recording their phone calls because the phones are company property and employees are being paid to work. Employees seem to believe that their assigned phone is their phone and they can do with it as they please. It is a privilege to have a phone and employees seem to take their phones for granted. The company is paying for the phones and providing them to their employees for business purposes. It follows the same principles of the computer; employees should not browse certain types of web pages and the company can actually record Internet activity and other computer activity quite easily. Legally, nothing employees do on their phones is private and privacy is not implied. Employees also should not be making personal calls that are not appropriate. If an employee is talking about inappropriate subjects they should not be talking about it at work, period. If the employee does not want their conversations recorded, they should not have them at work. Employees could use their cell phones to negate the recording system, but people will know that they are on a personal call. They can also go to another desk to make their personal phone calls, but this would mean that they are not working. While at work, employees should be working on their assigned tasks. Of course, I am not saying that they should not be able to do some personal activities. Employees should be able to take breaks, gossip with coworkers, take care of personal business, and make personal phone calls, but these activities should be limited and should not disturb an employee’s performance.

Dark Ages of Nursing Essay

During the late middle ages (1000-1500) because of crowding and poor sanitation in the monasteries nurses went into the community. During this era hospitals were built and the number of medical schools increase. Between 1500 and 1860 (A.D.) politics, the Renaissance all affected nursing. As nursing was not valued as an intellectual endeavour it lost much of its economic support and social status at the start of the Renaissance. The deterioration of Catholicism which had supported the monasteries, hospitals, and nursing was led to the climax of its decay by the Protestant Reformation. A widespread movement of suppression of monasteries occurred similar to that in England which was brought about by Henry (VIII) who had used the advantage of Protestantism to free himself from Papal authority. The King used his revolt of the church based on the Roman Catholic Church refusal to sanction his divorce. He destroyed over 600 monasteries during his Protestants revolt. The immediate result of t he monastic dissolution was the hospitals and inns were suddenly snatched away from a public dependent upon them for many centuries. Which caused the poor to be without any principle organized system of relief. An additional effect of the Reformation was the complete withdrawal of medicine from the monastery to the University. Thus medicine found a refuge that was denied to nursing. Medical advancement had been assured while the techniques of nursing remained unchanged in the guardianship of brothers, and nuns who continued practising nursing. The Protestants viewed the woman’s place as being in the home raising children. Industrial class women took in work or went out to work. As nursing was not considered acceptable even to the industrial classes nurses were usually immoral, drunken, illiterate, and/or prostitutes. Nurses were considered to be the lowest level of human society. A decline in the quality of public service for the sick was noticeable towards the end of the mid dle ages. It took about 200 years for the public to recognize the need to pay for quality nursing care to restart vocational desirability. The public first had to separate nursing from domestic service in which it had become deeply entangled. Mismanagement, inadequacy, suffering and deliberate exploitation made things worse. Civil appointees who were men undertook leadership and withheld authority from women – who then lost control over nursing. Matrons were put in charge of secular riff raff who were taken on as nurses. The word â€Å"Sister† was retained to please the public for amongst the rich and poor it had come to be associated with the sympathy and encouragement of the monastic nuns. The latter half of the period between 1500 to 1860 A.D. saw nursing conditions at their worst and has been called the dark period of nursing. New hospitals had been built but quickly became places of horror as unsanitary conditions caused them to be a source of epidemics and disease. Furthermore a taxation upon windows caused windows to be bricked up in places of the poor and hospitals thus removing natural lighting and fresh air thus creating further a situation which bred disease and epidemics. Seldom were opposite sexes and different disease separated. Often hospital beds were shared. Nurses when off duty slept within hearing range of their patients and were still on call. Crowding of wards often made them impossible to clean. Because of the high demands placed upon nursing staff nursing procedures which were limited and simple became even more limited and simple. Cleansing of patients was no longer attempted. Only the usual nursing treatments such as bleeding and purging were ordered. Because of the hard work, long hours, poor pay, and poor food respectable women were not expected to do nursing. The majority of the work consisted of housework, scrubbing and laundry which had hours which varied between 12 to sometimes 48 hours. Character nor training was a consideration in nursing. In 1545 the council of Trent decreed that every community of women should live in strict enclosure. It took over 200 years of resistance for women to overcome this decree. The nursing sisters of France made little or no resistance such that their professional standards deteriorated. During the Renaissance (1500-1850 A.D.) the interests in the arts and sciences increased such that there were many developments in the technologies for and care of the sick. Transition from health care by religious orders where nursing was practised were replaced by hospitals where conditions were dependent upon the economic support of the people requiring care. Even though there were significant advancements in science because nursing was still seen as something that should only be done by those who could not find another way in which to make money the nursing profession did not advance. The dark ages of nursing lasted for three centuries until the mid 2800’s when Florence Nightingale brought about a change. Even though the advancement of medicine did not affect nursing during the Renaissance – in the late 1500’s several groups began nursing during the Renaissance – in the late 1500’s several groups began nursing and tending the sick, poor, and dying. Amongst these groups were St. Francis de Sales, the Order of the Visitation of Mary, St. Vincent DePaul, the Sisters of Charity, Dames de Chari te’, Louise le Gras, Brothers Hospitallers of St. John, Albuquerque, Order of St. Augustine, St. Camillas De Lellis, Jeanne Biscot, and the Nursing Sisters of St. Joseph de La Fleche. Many of these people came from rich and influential families. Thus setting the trend for their peers to become involved in charitable nursing and institutions of nursing. When such institutions of charitable nursing were shown to do well the ruling classes and churches would begin supporting these economically. The views of the well to do upon the nursing care of the sick, mentally ill, elderly, dying and indigent had a strong influence upon the presence and quality or lack of nursing care available during the Medieval Times through the Renaissance.

Potential Impact Study of Renewable Energy Resources on Power Transformer

Chapter One Introduction to Topic CHAPTER I 1. 1Introduction: India is one of the developing countries & at the same times a fastest rising economy in the world. India along with the BRIC countries is considered as the back bone of the world’s economy. This attraction is partially due to the lower cost of manpower and good quality production. India is now the eleventh largest economy in the world, fourth in terms of purchasing power. It is poised to make tremendous economic strides over the coming years, with significant development already in the planning stages. For development of a country, infrastructure plays a vital role. With the opening of the Indian economy in 1990, many multinational / transnational companies were eager to invest in India. India being the second largest population of the world is the largest market for foreign multinationals. For this reason development of the infrastructure was need of the hour for the economy. ENERGY development is the key aspect of infrastructure development & demand of the developing economy. Moreover, fulfilling the energy requirement of ever growing population is herculean task. The infrastructure deficit in India is immense & India is power stressed. The increasing vibrancy and flexibility of the Indian economy is not matched by the power sector. India was heavily relied on Conventional energy resources like thermal energy. The conventional energy development mainly depends on availability of resources like oil, coal, coke etc. Even nuclear power generation depends on availability of uranium & platinum. Conventional energy generation also results in higher carbon emission & pollution. Destroying the wastes from the conventional energy generation is the major task ahead of the country. Renewable energy Resources give the best possible solution for this problem. Renewable energy resources can be defined as the energy resources which can be replenished, as & when they are consumed e. g. solar, wind, small hydro power, biogas etc. Knowing the potential of this form of energy resources, Indian government established a separate ministry for Renewable energy resources in 2006. Perhaps, India is the only country having separate ministry for renewable energy. Since then renewable energy market is an upcoming market in Indian power sector. With boom in the renewable energy market, there is also a rise in demand for related manufacturing equipment industries. Transformer is one of such equipments required in power systems for transmission of power. Our aim in this project is to make a Market Potential Impact Study for transformer for renewable energy markets. 1. 2Research Methodology: The first and a very important step in market research is formulating a research problem. It is the most important stage as if the problem is wrongly defined the subsequent stages will be of no good for the purpose for which the research is being conducted, at the same time the problem must not be defined too broadly or too narrowly. In this Project we are identifying the gap in the organizations portfolio of Transformer Business in India. We have identified that organization has no presence in the low voltage, distribution class transformer markets in India. Looking at the growth rate of Renewable energy markets and governments initiative towards the renewable energy, our main objective is to ascertain its impact on transformer business. Identifying sources of information There are two type of data resources used for the research primary and secondary data sources. Primary research data : Primary research involves getting original data directly about the product and market. Primary research data is data that did not exist before it is designed to answer specific questions of interest to the business. †¢ One to one interaction: Idea generation of the project is drawn from the one to one interaction with the experienced colleagues and trusted associates. †¢ Casual Interviews: Casual interviews are the unstructured interviews. Casual interactions with the seniors, discussions with the vendors are one of the sources of primary data. †¢ Brainstorming: Brainstorming is the casual interaction with experts. Experts are allowed to discuss freely on a particular subject. Their newly generated ideas are registered. There may not be any time duration for such sessions. †¢ Observations: †¢ Existing customer enquiries & their feedbacks: Many times customer enquiries can give us the data we required. The feedbacks from the existing customers are also helpful for idea generation. Secondary research data : Secondary data is the pre- existing data, already available through books, previous researches, organizations, government documents, journals, news papers etc. Trade magazines, Journals: There are various trade magazines in power sector available. IEEMA (Indian Electrical & Electronics Manufacturers Association), Powerline magazines, ITMA (Indian Transformer’s Manufacturing Association) are some of the related associations. These associations are also working on the Renewable Energy Resources. †¢ Newspapers: News paper s are always giving the updates about the new trends, ideas, research going on around the world around. †¢ Internet articles, websites: Internet is the huge pool of data available for secondary research. Various search engines like Google, Yahoo etc. are useful for finding the relevant data. Websites of various Private & government PSU’s are the sources of data. Websites of PGCIL, IEEMA, ITMA, Wind Power Associations, Wind mill solution manufacturer’s, statistical agencies are of immense help. †¢ Books: Books are always the sources of the technical data. †¢ Statistics agencies; The statistical agencies like India Securities ltd. , which are doing their own research in various industries, are the sources of secondary data. †¢ Government resources: Government organizations like PGCIL, SEB’s, Ministry of New & Renewable Energy Resources are the sources of data. †¢ Manufacturing associations: Indian Transformer Manufacturing Association (ITMA), Windmill manufacturing associations are some of the manufacturing associations, which are used as the sources of secondary data. Gathering the existing data & checking its authenticity is an important step in the research design. After the process of data gathering information, the data was tabulated and analyzed through graphs & bar charts as discussed in chapter 4 of this report. . 3Objectives: †¢ To study the current status of renewable energy market within India. Our study will mainly concentrate on Wind Energy & Small Hydro Projects (SHP). †¢ To ascertain the market potential for renewable energy up to 2030 & study the strategic locations of renewable energy generation within India. Find out the trends in Power sector. †¢ To study the specifications & the ca tegories of the transformers required for renewable energy transmission. †¢ Establish the relationship between the volumes of transformer business due to renewable energy market. To study the present organization set-up, this can be utilized for renewable energy transformers. 1. 4Limitations of the study: There are following limitations for the research: †¢ The primary research was limited due to wide spread of consumers. 80% of the transformer business is from the Public utilities, state electricity boards. Most of the sites are in remote places. Hence data collection is time consuming. It is very difficult to get the responses from such wide spread customers in limited time. For this research we mainly concentrated on customer feedbacks & experiences of previous telephonic conversations. †¢ The secondary research is mainly concentrated on the data available through government resources. This is due to the fact that majority of the decision making & forecasting is done at the central government level. As there is increase in Private participation in recent years, there is limited amount of data available for it. 1. 5Conclusion: India is developing with the rapid pace; it implies heavy investments in infrastructure. Energy generation is the key aspect for the infrastructure growth of the country. With the government’s initiative towards clean energy development, Renewable energy sector is booming. Due to Renewable energy development, there is also increase in the private participations in power plants implementations. This scenario is conducive for the demand of the transformers required for small power projects (private as well as public). In this project we will be concentrating on impact potential study of Renewable energy on power transformers. This will be helpful for the organization for initiating the low power, low voltage, distribution transformer’s business in India. We will ascertain its feasibility in the subsequent chapters starting with the organization’s profile. Chapter Two Company Overview CHAPTER II SIEMENS Ltd. 2. 1HISTORY: Siemens was founded in Berlin by Werner von Siemens in 1847. As an extraordinary inventor, engineer and entrepreneur, Werner von Siemens made the world's first pointer telegraph and electric dynamo, inventions that helped put the spin in the industrial revolution. He was the man behind one of the most fascinating success stories of all time – by turning a humble little workshop into one of the world's largest enterprises. As Werner had envisioned, the company he started grew from strength to strength in every field of electrical engineering. From constructing the world's first electric railway to laying the first telegraph line linking Britain and India, Siemens was responsible for building much of the modern world's infrastructure. Siemens is today a technology giant in more than 190 countries, employing some 440,000 people worldwide. Our work in the fields of energy, industry, communications, information, transportation, healthcare, components and lighting has become essential parts of everyday life. While Werner was a tireless inventor during his days, Siemens today remains a relentless innovator. With innovations averaging 18 a day, it seems like the revolution Werner started is still going strong. 2. 2Corporate Overview: Siemens Ltd. in India The Siemens Group in India is a unique player in the field of electrical and electronics engineering. We have the capability to integrate diverse products, systems and services into turnkey solutions across the life- cycle of a project. Innovation is our strength. But it’s not the only one. Our customers also know that they can rely on us to execute quality projects, while delivering value. In all areas of our operation, we provide the complete range of offerings. †¢ In the Energy sector, our expertise ranges from power plants to  turbines. †¢ Industry sector, we build airports, as well as produce contactors. †¢ In Transportation, we deliver complete high-speed trains, right down to safety relays. In Lighting, we illuminate large stadiums and also manufacture small light bulbs. †¢ In Healthcare, we execute complete solutions for hospitals, as also provide â€Å"in- the canal† hearing aids. †¢ And, the thread that connects all our businesses is Information technology. Siemens Ltd is the flagship listed company in India. Siemens in India, which comprises 20 legal entities, is a leading provider of industry and infrastructure solutions with a business volume aggregating about Rs 11,800 crore, as on September 2008. It operates in the core business areas of Industry, Energy and Healthcare. It has nation-wide Sales and Service network, 20 manufacturing plants, a network of around 500 channel partners and employs about 17,200 people. 2. 3BUSINESSES: Organizational Chart Power Transmission & Distribution High Voltage Energy Automation Medium Voltage Transformers Services At Siemens, end-to-end products, systems and solutions for industrial and building automation as well as infrastructure installations are provided. These turnkey solutions cover project management, engineering and software, installation, commissioning, after-sales service, plant maintenance and training. . 4SECTORS †¢ Energy Sector Siemens consolidates its innovative offerings in the Energy sector by combining its full range expertise in the areas of Power Generation (PG) and Power Transmission & Distribution (PTD). Utilizing the most advanced plant diagnostics and systems technologies, Siemens provides comprehensive services for complete power plants and for rotating machines such as gas and steam t urbines, generators and compressors. Power Generation Efficient, reliable, climate-friendly power generation is vital for economic development. With innovative technologies and products, Siemens is pushing the limits of power plant efficiency and helping strike a viable balance between climate protection, supply security and cost-efficiency in power generation. From simple cycle power plants to combined cycle power plants, steam power plants up to integrated gasification combined cycle plants, Siemens ensures the highest levels of efficiency currently possible throughout the entire power generation process. The wide range of offerings include solutions for the automation of power grids and products such as medium voltage switchgear and components. Compressors †¢ Gas Turbines †¢ Generators †¢ Steam Turbines †¢ Combine cycle power plants †¢ Reference cycle power plants †¢ Steam power plants †¢ Fuel cells †¢ Instrumentation & controls †¢ Renewable power plants Power Transmission & Distribution (PTD) Efficient high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) power transmission lines are indispensab le for transporting large amounts of electricity over long distances with minimum loss and thus for transmitting power from renewable energy sources in remote locations to distant consumer centres. This is where the Power Transmission Division (PTD) of Siemens plays an important role as pioneering technology providers, offering greater reliability and efficiency besides contributing to develop sustainable power supplies. PTD offerings span the entire field of high voltage power transmission, including HVDC transmission systems and products and systems for high-voltage switchgear and transformers. †¢ Power Transmission & Distribution Systems †¢ Arrestors †¢ Energy management †¢ Power network communications †¢ Power transmission system †¢ Protection & substation controls Switchgears †¢ TRANSFORMERS †¢ Healthcare Sector By combining the most advanced laboratory diagnostics, imaging systems and healthcare information technology, Siemens Healthcare division enables clinicians to diagnose disease earlier and more accurately, making a decisive contribution to improving the quality of healthcare The Siemens Healthcare Division is one of the large st suppliers of healthcare technology in the world. It offers solutions for the entire supply chain under one roof – from prevention and early detection through diagnosis and on to treatment and aftercare. In addition, Siemens Healthcare is the market leader for innovative hearing devices. Laboratory Diagnostics The Diagnostics Division of Siemens is engaged with the business of generating clinical diagnostic test results using tissue and fluid analysis – a process known as in-vitro diagnostics, besides immune diagnostics and molecular analysis. The Division’s solutions range from point-of-care applications to the automation of large laboratories, producing high quality outcomes that save time, money and lives. Diagnostic Imaging and Therapy †¢ Laboratory Diagnostics †¢ Hearing Instruments †¢ Market Specific Solutions †¢ IT Solutions and Services †¢ Financial Solutions †¢ Information & Communication We provide software solutions across the IT service chain, from consulting and system integration to IT infrastructure management in the areas of telecommunications, healthcare, manufacturing, public sector, utilities & government. †¢ Communi cation Services †¢ Fixed and mobile services †¢ Information Technology †¢ Telephone & communication Wireless modules †¢ OSRAM India Pvt. Ltd. (Lighting) OSRAM India Pvt. Ltd. (Lighting)Artificial lighting accounts for a significant portion of today’s CO2 emissions. The use of energy-efficient lamps, LEDs and intelligent light management systems would not just help in bringing down the emission levels but also save significant amounts of energy and money. Siemens provides economical, long-life lighting for every application, including incandescent and fluorescent ones for domestic and industrial lighting. Offerings include:General Lighting †¢ Automotive Lighting †¢ Electronics and Controls †¢ Display/Optics †¢ Opto Semiconductors †¢ LED Systems †¢ Luminaires †¢ Mobility (Mob) A pioneer of the railway signaling systems in India, Siemens offers products and solutions in railway signaling and safety systems, traffic control and automation, electrification, traction equipment for locomotives and multiple unit system and mass transit vehicles. The product palette also includes rolling stock and auxiliary inverters for air-conditioned passenger coaches. Fully equipped and backed by trained staff, turnkey projects are undertaken for urban transportation, mass rapid transport projects, traction substations overhead centenary and long distance transmission lines. Portfolio includes: †¢ Railway automation †¢ Rail electrification †¢ Turnkey systems †¢ Metros †¢ Trains and locomotives †¢ Light rail vehicles †¢ Multiple units †¢ Service, maintenance and support for †¢ Building Technologies (BT) Siemens Building Technologies specializes in meeting the growing demand for increased personal safety and more secure public and private infrastructures by electronic security and building automation systems. A market leader in providing solutions for ‘Intelligent Buildings’, the division offers a range of products and services for security, comfort and efficiency in high-end buildings, and covers the entire chain of offerings from engineering to services. Innovative solutions for Intelligent Buildings †¢ Cross-Sector Business Siemens Information Systems Ltd. Siemens provides software solutions across the IT service chain, from consulting and system integration to IT infrastructure management in the areas of telecommunications, healthcare, manufacturing, public sector, utilities and government †¢ Consumer Products Computers †¢ Cordless Phones and Home Media †¢ Electrical Installation Systems †¢ Hearing Instruments †¢ Home Appliances †¢ Home Security †¢ Home Automation & Asset Management 2. 5Transformer (Product Details) â€Å"Bringing the energy safely to the consumer† A basic requirement applicable to all power transformers. How ever, every single one is unique – designed according to individual factors such as voltage, power, climate, system topography, sound level and many more. Siemens is your partner, who picks up these requirements converting them into convincing solutions with maximum quality. Power transformers that render their service reliably at site. Cost-efficient and safe throughout decades. Whether for infrastructure systems, industry or households – transformers play a key role for a reliable power supply. As a customer, one quite rightly place the highest demands on reliability, cost-effectiveness and operation time. In more than 100 countries and for more than 100 years, transformers from Siemens are synonymous with top quality – as a result of ideas, knowhow and unequalled experience. Many reasons for reliability First of all, there is the fulfillment of the quality claim to which Siemens has committed themselves without compromises. Every factory manufacturing Siemens Transformers puts quality management system into practice. And only those transformers that have successfully passed all the comprehensive tests will then go into practical application. Siemens offers a complete service – from advice and design via manufacture, transport and commissioning up to our Transformer Life Management. The right transformer for your task You need a product that exactly fits your task. Siemens provide the right transformer for every requirement – from compact distribution transformers through to large power transformers with ratings over 1000 MVA. Price Development World-market prices for raw materials and energy are continuously increasing, forcing the manufacturers of high-voltage products and transformers to significant price increases. Thanks to optimized processes and internal cost reduction measures, however, the price adjustment for Siemens products is extremely moderate. Product Range Only a company that offers a complete product range can really cover all of your requirements. Siemens has put this fact into practice. For every required power, every voltage, every cooling method and every operating mode. †¢ Generator step up transformers †¢ System interconnecting transformers †¢ Phase shifters †¢ Shunt reactors †¢ Transformers for HVDC †¢ GEAFOL cast-resin transformers †¢ Oil distribution transformers and voltage regulators †¢ Special-purpose transformers †¢ Line feeding transformers †¢ Traction transformers pic] [pic] Cast-Resin Tansformers Ditribution transformer [pic] [pic] Power TransformersReactors [pic][pic] HVDC TransformerFurnace Transformers 2. 5SIEMENS Transformer Division in India Siemens has newly set-up a state-of-the-art, power transformers design-and-manufacturing facility in Kalwa, near Mumbai. The factory was started in 4th December 2007. The facility is capable of manufacturing high -voltage direct-current and other special application transformers. The transformers manufactured by Siemens in India will be identical to those made in Europe, the United States and elsewhere as the technology for these comes from Nuremberg, Germany. The full technology transfer, including the know-how for design and production techniques, has been transferred through documentation as well as the training of Indian personnel in Siemens plants in Germany and elsewhere. The new plant is designed taking into consideration all the experiences gathered from other Siemens plants, which have been in operation for the past several decades. This makes the plant unique as it applies all the best practices established in other plants – under one roof. The new plant will have 500 employees when it reaches full production capacity. The manpower and production costs account for approximately 15 percent of the sales price in India compared to about 35 percent in developed countries. The new Transformer factory will be able to address the heightened demand for power transmission equipment in the country by designing and manufacturing large transformers of power rating upto 600 MVA and 800 KV voltage class. The factory will also produce special application transformers such as for HVDC and traction furnace applications. This factory is the latest addition to the prestigious league of 17 Transformer factories of Siemens located world-over. One of the unique features of the factory is that the transformers are manufactured in a dust-free and humidity controlled environment to ensure top class dry windings coming out of a vapour phase oven and tested under tough conditions in fully shielded test-lab. 2. 6SIEMENS IN FUTURE: Identifying technologies with major growth potential, recognizing technologicalbreakthroughs, anticipating future customer needs and new business opportunities -Siemens experts are doing all of these things in a systematic process designed to make the company a trendsetter in as many business fields as possible. In an increasingly complex business environment marked by ever-shorter product cycles, the major challenge facing companies is how to organize R&D activities in as focused and success-oriented a manner as possible – while simultaneously making optimum use of available funds. Rigorous focus on growth markets of the future Siemens’ Ten-Point Program was launched at the end of the 1990s to intensify the company’s focus on active portfolio management. To this day, Siemens continues to pursue the strategy defined in the program and achieve its growth targets through organic growth powered by the company’s innovative strengths, as well as through acquisitions, divestments and the formation of startups and joint ventures. In 2005, Siemens launched the Fit4More program to further tailor the strategic development of the company’s portfolio to the growth markets of the future, thus laying the groundwork for sustainable profitable growth. In addition to defining four pillars – Performance and Portfolio, Operational Excellence, People Excellence and Corporate Responsibility – the program identified urbanization and demographic change as key megatrends that would drive its business in the future. The company’s business portfolio has changed considerably in the past few years. For example, Siemens withdrew completely from the components business (now Infineon and Epcos). Large parts of its telecommunications technology business were funneled into the joint venture Nokia Siemens Networks in 2006. At the same time, Siemens strengthened its activities in the energy, industry and healthcare fields though extensive acquisitions. In 2006 alone, the company invested more than â‚ ¬6 billion to acquire companies and holdings. The current Fit4 2010 program embodies a rigorous continuation of this strategy, including further portfolio optimization with a focus on the fields of energy and environment, industry and healthcare. Siemens expects to win new orders of around INR 1 trillion in the next three fiscal years 2010 until 2012, which will be generated by government stimulus programs already announced around the world. Green technologies are expected to account for 40 percent or approximately INR 400 billion of this total, which will significantly increase the share of the company’s revenues from its environmental portfolio in the future. Siemens based this forecast on an initial systematic analysis of the largest stimulus programs. Siemens has continued with its investment plans and focused on strengthening the local manufacturing base. In the last two years, Siemens has added three new factories in Indian energy sector alone. SIEMENS constant focus is to bring world-class and high technology products to India. Chapter Three Theoretical Framework CHAPTER III 3. 1Energy Scenario in India Energy is the prime mover of economic growth and is vital to the sustenance of a modern economy. Future economic growth crucially depends on the long-term availability of energy from sources that are affordable, accessible and environmentally friendly. India ranks sixth in the world in total energy consumption and needs to accelerate the development of the sector to meet its growth aspirations. The country, though rich in coal and abundantly endowed with renewable energy in the form of solar, wind, hydro and bio-energy has very small hydrocarbon reserves (0. % of the world’s reserve). India, like many other developing countries, is a net importer of energy, more than 25 percent of primary energy needs being met through imports mainly in the form of crude oil and natural gas. The rising oil import bill has been the focus of serious concerns due to the pressure it has placed on scarce foreign exchange resources and i s also largely responsible for energy supply shortages. [pic] India has had a negative Energy Balance for decades, which has forced the purchase of energy from outside the country. Based on available energy resources, energy sector can be classified as follows: Few Definitions: 1. Thermal power generation: At a thermal power station in which the electric generators are steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated. The steam can be generated using †¢ Fossil fuels like Coal / ignite †¢ Gas †¢ Diesel or Liquid fuel 2. Hydro-Eectric Power Generation: It is nothing but using the power of water currents to generate electric power. Generally, hydroelectric power is created by directing water flow through a turbine, where the water causes fans to turn, creating the torque needed to drive an electric generator. [pic] 3. Nuclear Power: The energy released from an atom in nuclear reactions or by radioactive decay: esp. the energy released in nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. The radioactive materials like Thorium, uranium are used for energy generation. 4. Wind power It is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as electricity, using wind turbines. Wind power produced about 1. % of worldwide electricity usage;[1][2] and is growing rapidly, having doubled in the three years between 2005 and 2008. 5. Geothermal power (from the Greek roots geo, meaning earth, and thermos, meaning heat) It is power extracted from heat stored in the earth. This geothermal energy originates from the original formation of the planet, from radioactive decay of minerals, and from solar energy absorbed at the surfac e. It has been used for space heating and bathing since ancient roman times, but is now better known for generating electricity. About 10 GW of geothermal electric capacity is installed around the world as of 2007, generating 0. 3% of global electricity demand. 6. Solar power It is the result of converting sunlight into electricity. Sunlight can be converted directly into electricity using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly with concentrating solar power (CSP), which normally focuses the sun's energy to boil water which is then used to provide power. The largest solar power plants, like the 354 MW SEGS, are concentrating solar thermal plants, but recently multi-megawatt photovoltaic plants have been built. 7. Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work like electricity generation 8. Tidal power, sometimes called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into electricity or other useful forms of power. Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for future electricity generation. Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power Following chart shows the Indian energy scenario in 2005 & as on August 2008. It also shows the potential of various energy sectors by 2030. [pic] Installed Capacity, by fuel (as on August 31 2008) |Fuel |Installed Capacity (kW) |Share (%) | |Thermal |92691. 83 |63. 42 | | Coal & ignite |76646. 50 |52. 45 | | Gas |13560. 52 |9. 8 | | Diesel & liquid fuels |2484. 81 |1. 70 | |Hydro |36399. 80 |24. 91 | |Renewable |12932. 74 |8. 85 | | Wind |9041. 00 |6. 9 | | Small Hydro |2211. 00 |1. 51 | | Biomss |649. 00 |0. 44 | | Bagasse |973. 00 |0. 67 | | Waste-to-energy |56. 00 |0. 4 | | Solar |2. 74 |0. 00 | |Nuclear |4120. 00 |2. 82 | |Total |146144. 37 |100. 00 | (Source:CEA, Ministry of New & renewable energy. ) Power line magazine- Sept. 008 Since thermal generation is based on burning coal or oil, increases in CO2 emissions, which damage the environment and affect global warming, accompany this growth. As the graph below shows, it also increases the dependence on imports, which will continue into the future unless the policy changes. [pic] [pic] Estimates of Potential Capacities from Renewable Energy Sources (in MWs) (Source: In dia Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources) [pic] Under this project we will be concentrating on the potential of Renewable Energy Resources-Wind Energy & Small Hydro projects in India. 3. WIND ENERGY: [pic] 3. 2. 1Wind resource potential: The wind power generation in the country is influenced to a great extent by the wind speed and wind power density prevalent at a particular potential location at any given point of time. The wind speed is affected to a large extent by the strong southwesterly monsoons, starting in May-June, and by the weaker northeastern monsoons in the winter months. It has been generally observed that 60-70% of the total wind power generation in the country takes place during June- October when the southwest monsoons are prevalent throughout the country. According to a latest study, locations having an annual mean wind power density greater than 150 watts/ square meter at 30 meter hub height have been found to be suitable for development of wind power projects. 3. 2. 2Advantages of Wind Power: †¢ It is one of the most environment friendly, clean and safe energy resources. †¢ It has the lowest gestation period as compared to conventional energy. †¢ Equipment erection and commissioning involve only a few months. †¢ There is no fuel consumption, hence low operating costs. Maintenance costs are low. †¢ The capital cost is comparable with conventional power plants. For a wind farm, the capital cost ranges between 4. 5 crores to 5. 5 crores, depending on the site and the wind electric generator (WEG) selected for installation. | |Wind |Fossil Fuel | |Availability |Usable as it exists |Have to be procured and made usable through | | |laborious and environmentally damaging | | | |processes | |Limitation on |Inexhaust ible resource |Limited in reserves, expected to be completely| |availability | |exhausted in the coming 60 years | |Transportation |Used where it is available or |Has to be transported from its source site for| | |transported where needed |further processing, exposing the environment | | | |to pollution from accidents | |Environmental |Zero emission |Used in producing electricity, releasing green| |effect of use | |house gasses | |Geo-political |Reduces our reliance on oil, |Over-reliance on oil as a resource has | |implications |safeguarding national security. undermined India’s energy security, e. g. OPEC | | |Allows for self sufficiency. |crises of 1973, Gulf War of 1991 and the Iraq | | |There is no adverse effect on |War of 2003. | | |global environment. The whole | | | |system is pollution free and | | | |environment friendly. | | The pollution saving from a Wind Energy Generation with an average output of 4,000 kWh per year, savings have been estimated as follows: †¢ Sulphur – dioxide (SO2): 2 to 3. 2 tonnes †¢ Nitrogen – oxide (NO) ; 1. 2 to 2. 4 tonnes †¢ Carbon – dioxide (CO2) : 300 to 500 tonnes †¢ Particulates: 150 to 280 kg. 3. 2. 3The essential requirements for a Wind farm: An area where a number of wind electric generators are installed is known as a wind farm. The essential requirements for establishment of a wind farm for optimal exploitation of the wind are the following: †¢ High wind resource at particular site. †¢ Adequate land availability †¢ Suitable terrain and good soil condition †¢ Maintenance access to site †¢ Suitable power grid nearby †¢ Techno-economic selection of specific turbines †¢ Scientifically prepared layout Resource |Potential (MW) |Installed capacity as on 31st March 2007 (MW) | |Wind |45000 |7092 | |S mall hydro |15000 |1975 | |Biomass power / cogeneration |19500 |1184 | |Solar |4-6 kWh/m2/day |2. 74 | | |(20MW/sq. m) | | |Waste-to-Energy |2700 |43 | The sum of these renewable resource potentials, 152,000 MW, is greater than the current total installed energy generating capacity of India. 3. 2. 4Estimated Wind Power Potential in India The wind power potential on a national level, base data collected from 10 states considering only 1% of land availability, is around 46,092 MW. StateGross potential (MW) Andhra Pradesh 9063 Gujarat 7362 Karnataka 7161 Kerala 1026 Madhya Pradesh 4978 Maharashtra 4519 Orissa 1520 Rajasthan 6672 Tamil Nadu 4159 West Bengal 32 TOTAL 46,092 3. 2. 5Manufacturers of Wind Energy Generators (WEGs) |Name |Foreign Collaborator | |Arul Mariamman Textiles Limited |Win World Denmark | |Asian Wind Turbine Pvt. Ltd. |NEG- MICON Denmark | |Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. |Nordex, Denmark | |Das lageway Wind Turbines Ltd. Lagerwey, Netherlands | |Elecon Engineering Company Ltd. |Turbowinds n. v. , Belgium | |Enercon India Ltd. |Enercon GmbH, Germany | |Kirloskar Electric Company Ltd. |Wind Energy Group, UK | |NEPC India Ltd. | | | Poineer Wincon India Ltd. |Wincon, Denmark | |REPL Engineering Ltd. |Bonus Denmark | |Suzlon Energy Ltd. Sudwind Energie Systeme, Germany | |Tackle Wind Energy India (Pvt) Ltd. |Tacke Windenergie GmbH, Germany | |TTG Induatries Ltd. |Husumer, Schiffswerft, Germany | |Vestas RRB |Vestas, Denmark | |Windia Power Ltd. |Nedwind, Netherlands | 3. 2. 6Economics of wind power development †¢ The capital investment general ly incurred towards installation of a 1 MW capacity wind farm is to the tune of Rs. 4. 0 crore. †¢ Nearly 85-87% of the capital investment cost is incurred towards the supply, packaging, handling, loading, transportation, unloading, insurance cover, erection and commissioning of the WEGs. †¢ Another 2-3% of the capital cost is incurred towards construction of the foundation of the tower and other associated civil construction units like the metering and control room, foundation for housing the step up transformer etc. †¢ Nearly 1-2% of the capital cost is incurred towards purchase of land and site development. †¢ The cost of land should be valued to the rates prescribed by the District Level Committee (DLC) of the concerned state. The remaining 8-12% of the capital cost is incurred towards purchase of electrical equipment like the step up transformer, controls, OHT line connection to the nearest available grid and other electrical accessories. †¢ The operati on and maintenance cost per annum (inclusive of the insurance coverage) amounts to approximately Rs. 7. 00 lakh. †¢ The expected generation of power from the WEGs on an annual basis come to the tune of 2. 5 million KWh after accounting for non operational hours of the machines due to annual repair and maintenance, non availability of cut in wind velocity or wind velocity being higher than the cut off wind velocity at a particular site. †¢ The cost of generation of power is in the vicinity of Rs. 3. 5 / KWh. The power buy back rate varies from state to state. If wheeling is permitted then the power buy back rate can be fairly assumed as the commercial rate prevalent in a state. Wind energy generated is connected to the grid as follows: [pic] At the various stages of transmission, transformers are used for stepping-up or stepping down the voltages. [pic] | | |3. 3 Small Hydro Power: | |3. 3. Introduction | |Hydropower is a renewable, non-polluting and environmentally beni gn source of energy. It is perhaps the oldest renewable energy technique | |known to the mankind for mechanical energy conversion as well as electricity generation. | |Hydropower represents use of water resources towards inflation free energy due to absence of fuel cost with mature technology characterized | |by highest prime moving efficiency and spectacular operational flexibility. Out of the total power generation installed capacity of 1,48,265 | |MW (April,2009) in the country, hydro power contributes about 25% i. e. 36,877 MW. |3. 3. 2 Hydro Power Project Classification  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   | |Hydro power projects are generally categorized in two segments i. e. small and large hydro. In India, hydro projects up to 25 MW station | |capacity have been categorized as Small Hydro Power (SHP) projects. While Ministry of Power, Government of India is responsible for large | |hydro projects, the mandate for the subject small hydro power (up to 25 MW) is given to Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Small hydro | |power projects are further classified as | |Class |Station Capacity in kW | | | |Micro Hydro | |Up to 100 | | | |Mini Hydro | |101 to 2000 | | | |Small Hydro | |2001 to 25000 | | | |  3. 3. 3 Small Hydro Power Programme | |Small Hydro Power ( SHP) Programme is one of the thrust areas of power generation from renewable in the Ministry of New and Renewable | |Energy. It has been recognized that small hydropower projects can play a critical role in improving the over all energy scenario of the | |country and in particular for remote and inaccessible areas. The Ministry is encouraging development of small hydro projects both in the | |public as well as private sector. Equal attention is being paid to grid-interactive and decentralized projects. | |Aim:  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Ministry’s aim is that the SHP installed capacity should be about 7000 MW by the end of 12th Plan. The focus of the SHP programme| |is to lower the cost of equipment, increase its reliability and set up projects in areas which give the maximum advantage in terms of | |capacity utilisation. | |Potential: An estimated potential of about 15,000 MW of small hydro power projects exists in India. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has | |created a database of potential sites of small hydro and 5,415 potential sites with an aggregate capacity of 14,305. 47 MW for projects up to | |25 MW capacity have been identified. | |  STATE WISE IDENTIFIED SMALL HYDEL SITES AND POTENTIAL | | | |UP TO 25 MW CAPACITY   (as on 31. 3. 2009) | | | | | |S. No | |Name of State | |IDENTIFIED NUMBER | |OF SITES   | |Total Capacity | |(in MW) | | | |1 | |Andhra Pradesh | |489 | |552. 29 | | | |2 | |Arunachal Pradesh | |566 | |1333. 4 | | | |3 | |Assam | |  Ã‚   60 | |213. 84 | | | |4 | |Bihar | |  Ã‚   94 | |213. 75 | | |5 | |Chhatisgarh | |164 | |706. 62 | | | |6 | |Goa | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   9 | |  Ã‚  Ã‚   9. 0 | | | |7 | |Gujarat | |292 | |196. 97 | | | |8 | |Haryana | |  Ã‚   33 | |110. 5 | | | |9 | |Himachal Pradesh | |547 | |2268. 41 | | | |10 | |Jammu & Kashmir | |246 | |1411. 2 | | | |11 | |Jharkhand | |103 | |   208. 95 | | | |12 | |Karnataka | |128 | |   643. 6 | | | |13 | |Kerala | |247 | |   708. 10 | | | |14 | |Madhya Pradesh | |   99 | |   400. 8 | | | |15 | |Maharashtra | |253 | |   762. 58 | | | |16 | |Manipur | |113 | |   109. 0 | | | |17 | |Meghalaya | |102 | |   229. 81 | | | |18 | |Mizoram | |  Ã‚   75 | |  166. 4 | | | |19 | |Nagaland | |   Ã‚   99 | |  196. 98 | | | |20 | |Orissa | |222 | |295. 7 | | | |21 | |Punjab | |234 | |390. 02 | | | |22 | |Rajasthan | |  Ã‚   67 | |  Ã‚   63. 7 | | | |23 | |Sikkim | |  Ã‚   91 | |265. 54 | | | |24 | |Tamil Nadu | |176 | |499. 1 | | | |25 | |Tripura | |  Ã‚   13 | |  Ã‚   46. 86 | | | |26 | |Uttar Pradesh | |220 | |292. 6 | | | |27 | |Uttaranchal | |458 | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1609. 25 | | | |28 | |West Bengal | |203 | |   393. 9 | | | |29 | |A Island | |  Ã‚   12 | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7. 91 | | | |   | |TOTAL | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5,415 | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   14,305. 7 | | | |  Identification of new potential sites and strengthening of database for already identified sites is an ongoing process. In this direction, | |the Ministry has been giving financial support to state governments/ agencies for identification of new potential SHP sites & preparation of | |state perspective plan. | |3. 3. 4 Small hydro installed capacity and progress | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The total installed capacity of small hydro power projects (upto 25 MW) as on 31. 03. 009 is 2429. 77 MW from 674 projects and 188 | |projects with aggregate capacity of 483. 23 MW are under construction. | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While in early 90s, most of the SHP projects were set up in the public sector, from last 10 years or so, most of the capacity | |addition is now coming through private sector projects. Beginning of the 21st century saw near commercialization in the small hydro sector. | |Private sector entrepreneurs found attractive business opportunities in small hydro and state governments also felt that the private | |participation may be necessary in tapping the full potential of rivers and canals for power generation. The private sector has been attracted| |by these projects due to their small adoptable capacity matching with their captive requirements or even as affordable investment | |opportunities. In line with Government of India policy, 18 states have announced their policy for inviting private sector to set up SHP | |projects. The Government of India announced the Electricity Act in 2003, Electricity Policy in 2005 and Tariff Policy in 2006 to create a | |conducive atmosphere for investments in the power sector. Small hydropower projects are now governed by these policies and the tariff is | |decided by the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) as per the Tariff Policy. | |During the 10th Plan, Following have been year-wise capacity addition from SHP projects. |Year | |Target | |(in MW) | |Capacity addition during the year | |(in MW) | |Cumulative SHP installed capacity | |(in MW) | | | |2002-03 | |80 | |80. 39 | |1519. 28 | | | |2003-04 | |80 | |84. 04 | |1603. 2 | | | |2004 -05 | |100 | |102. 31 | |1705. 63 | | | |2005-06 | |130 | |120. 80 | |1826. 3