Gender Identity Essay

Blonde hair, blue eyes, long legs, the perfect 10; Barbie. Barbie was the top selling doll for girl’s ages seven to thirteen from 1959 to 2006. This fashion diva has gone to Hawaii, has many different looks, a mansion, and a number of different vehicles. While Barbie has everything she could ever want, what does she teach our children? Little girls want to be perfect, like Barbie, a nearly unachievable goal. It lowers their self-worth and sets unrealistic standards. Because of this, some countries are restricting the sales of the dolls and even with the new advancement’s Mattel has made to improve Barbie’s â€Å"aura† so-to-speak, there is still a very prominent suggestive gender orientation; such roles now include, architect, computer designer, veterinarian, teacher, pastry chef, and female sports. Barbie dolls influence very stereotypical gender roles when developing gender identity; these toys teach that girls are to be tall, thin, pretty house wives an d caregivers. When children strive for unrealistic perfection it lowers their self-image and confidence. As stated; Barbie is the model of perfection. Barbie has negative influence on young girls, and makes then self-conscious about their physical appearance because of Barbie’s unrealistic body features. Girls aspire to be very thin, like Barbie. This leads to eating disorders at a young age and causes long term psychological harm. In Australia, there is a cosmetic procedure known as â€Å"The Barbie Treatment† It’s main patients are girls between the ages of 16 and 20. This unrealistic ideality of what a woman should look like creates self-loathing in girls who are perfect in their own way because they are less than the Barbie standard. World-wide, people are noticing the effects Barbie has on its children. From the UK to Australia to our very own United States, scholars and doctors have been studding the impact Barbie may have on their youth. Iran has banned Barbie dolls bec ause of the impact it’s having on their young girls. Barbie also sets a standard of â€Å"good house wifery† and vanity. The most popular Barbie dolls include Malibu Barbie, Barbie’s Home Kitchen and Beauty Shop Barbie; the perfect recipe for a perfect bimbo. Now – a – days, there are so many things women are capable of! It is truly disappointing to see that Barbie has such gender-specific roles in the past. Mattel has tried â€Å"upping the ante† so-to-speak by introducing new Barbie’s  with little to no success. In 2008, Mattel introduced its new Barbie Line: I can B. This introduced many different careers for Barbie. Architect, computer designer, veterinarian, teacher, pastry chef, and female Olympic Sports are her newest trends. While that’s all well-and-good, the roles are still gender oriented. All of them are care-giver roles. There is now a Facebook page for Barbie to â€Å"redeem† herself; this petition is asking Mattel to make bald Barbie’s and donate a percentage of the profit to research for childhood cancers. After 2 years and snide comments from the toy maker, news is they are finally in the planning stages for Barbie’s Bald Friend. Do we really want our children to believe that they are less than perfect the way they are? That they must be thin to be loved and appreciated? Should our young girls all just assume that the only role a woman has is to be pretty and take care of others? All people were created equal – not plastic. Society is morphed our ideology of a perfect ten from the Barbie standards. 12 year old children are considering cosmetic surgery – plastic surgery. Toys are meant to be played with – a child’s psyche is not.

Doctrine of Repugnance

From time immemorial, legislative bodies have been enacting laws all over the world. With the enactment of laws by different legislative bodies all over the world, conflict of laws is an unavoidable issue. However, in this article I will mainly be focusing on the conflict of laws with regard to India. In India, there are three wings of the Government, namely, The Legislature, The Judiciary and the Executive. The legislature has the law making powers for the entire country. The legislature is further divided into the Centre and the State. Doctrine of Repugnancy deals with the conflict of laws between the State and the Centre. Part XI of the Indian Constitution describes the legislative relations between the States and the Centre. The legislative field of the Parliament and the State Legislatures has been specified in Article 246 of the Constitution whereas Article 254 of the Indian Constitution describes the mechanism for resolution of conflict between the Central and the State legislations enacted with respect to any matter enumerated in List III of the Seventh Schedule. Various judicial pronouncements have declared the pre-conditions for the application of the doctrine of repugnancy. In the case of M. Karunanidhi v. Union of India, the Constitutional Bench laid down the tests for the application of the Doctrine of Repugnancy, which is as follows: â€Å"1. That in order to decide the question of repugnancy it must be shown that the two enactments contain inconsistent and irreconcilable provisions, so that they cannot stand together or operate in the same field. 2. That there can be no repeal by implication unless the inconsistency appears on the face of the two statutes. . That where the two statutes occupy a particular field, but there is room or possibility of both the statutes operating in the same field without coming into collision with each other, no repugnancy results. 4. That where there is no inconsistency but a statute occupying the same field seeks to create distinct and separate offences, no question of repugnancy arises and both the statutes continue to operate in the same field. † In National Engineering Industries Ltd. Vs. Shri Kishan, the Supreme Court observed : In order that a question of repugnancy may be arise, two conditions must be fulfilled, namely that the State Law and the Laws of the Union must operate the name field and one must be repugnant or inconsistent with the other. † From the plain reading of the Articles 246 and 254 it is clear that in case of a conflict between the Union laws and State laws, it is the Union law which shall prevail if it is made within an entry of List III of the Constitution. In such a scenario if any provision of a State-made law is in conflict with the Parliament–made law under such circumstance the State-made law is declared void to the extent of repugnancy. However, this general rule is subject to Clause (2) of Article 254 of the Indian Constitution. The Clause (2) of the said Article says that that the State law will become void to the extent of repugnancy unless the State law has been reserved for the assent of the President. If the Preseident grants his assent to the said state law, then the Union law, to the extent of its repugnancy will become void in that state. However, this does not curtail the power of the Parliament from enacting at any time any law with respect to the same matter including a Law adding to amending varying or repealing the law so made by the legislature of the State. Thus, what is visible to us by analyzing the various judicial pronouncements and by going through the Constitution is that both the Centre and the State have supreme powers with regard to enacting the laws for their respective domains but in the presence of a conflict, it is the Centre-made laws which shall prevail in most cases. The Supreme Court in Zameer Ahmed Latifur Rehman Sheikh Vs. State of Maharashtra has examined the law relating to the Doctrine of Repugnancy. In essence, Part XI of the Indian Constitution describes the legislative relations between the States and the Centre. Further, Article 254 establishes the doctrine of Repugnancy which acts as a safeguard to solve disputes arising between the states and the Union. The term ‘Repugnancy’ means inconsistency between the State-made law and the Union-made law. The relevant extracts from the judgment are reproduced hereunder; 46. Before we proceed to analyze the said aspect, it would be appropriate to understand the situations in which repugnancy would arise. 47. Chapter I of Part XI of the Constitution deals with the subject of distribution of legislative powers of the Parliament and the legislature of the States. Article 245 of the Constitution provides that the Parliament may make laws for the whole or any part of the territory of India, and the legislature of a State may make laws for the whole or any part of the State. 48. The legislative field of the Parliament and the State Legislatures has been specified in Article 246 of the Constitution. Article 246, reads as follows: – 49. We may now refer to the judgment of this Court in M. Karunanidhi v. Union of India, [(1979) 3 SCC 431], which is one of the most authoritative judgments on the present issue. In the said case, the principles to be applied for determining repugnancy between a law made by the Parliament and a law made by the State Legislature were considered by a Constitution Bench of this Court. At para 8, this Court held that repugnancy may result from the following circumstances: â€Å"1. Where the provisions of a Central Act and a State Act in the Concurrent List are fully inconsistent and are absolutely irreconcilable, the Central Act will prevail and the State Act will become void in view of the repugnancy. Where however a law passed by the State comes into collision with a law passed by Parliament on an Entry in the Concurrent List, the State Act shall prevail to the extent of the repugnancy and the provisions of the Central Act would become void provided the State Act has been passed in accordance with clause (2) of Article 254. 3. Where a law passed by the State Legislature while being substantially within the scope of the entries in the State List entrenches upon any of the Entries in he Central List the constitutionality of the law may be upheld by invoking the doctrine of pith and substance if on an analysis of the provisions of the Act it appears that by and large the law falls within the four corners of the State List and entrenchment, if any, is purely incidental or inconsequential. 4. Where, however, a law made by the State Legislature on a subject covered by the Concurrent List is inconsistent with and repugnant to a previous law made by Parliament, then such a law can be pro tected by obtaining the assent of the President under Article 254(2) of the Constitution. The result of obtaining the assent of the President would be that so far as the State Act is concerned, it will prevail in the State and overrule the provisions of the Central Act in their applicability to the State only. Such a state of affairs will exist only until Parliament may at any time make a law adding to, or amending, varying or repealing the law made by the State Legislature under the proviso to Article 254. † In para 24, this Court further laid down the conditions which must be satisfied before any repugnancy could arise, the said conditions are as follows:- â€Å"1. That there is a clear and direct inconsistency between the Central Act and the State Act. 2. That such an inconsistency is absolutely irreconcilable. 3. That the inconsistency between the provisions of the two Acts is of such nature as to bring the two Acts into direct collision with each other and a situation is reached where it is impossible to obey the one without disobeying the other. † Thereafter, this Court after referring to the catena of judgments on the subject, in para 38, laid down following propositions:- 1. That in order to decide the question of repugnancy it must be shown that the two enactments contain inconsistent and irreconcilable provisions, so that they cannot stand together or operate in the same field. 2. That there can be no repeal by implication unless the inconsistency appears on the face of the two statutes. 3. That where the two statutes occupy a particular field, but there is room or possibility of both the statutes operating in the same field without coming into collision with each other, no repugnancy results. 4. That where there is no inconsistency but a statute occupying the same field seeks to create distinct and separate offences, no question of repugnancy arises and both the statutes continue to operate in the same field. † 50. In Govt. of A. P. v. J. B. Educational Society, [(2005) 3 SCC 212], this Court while discussing the scope of Articles 246 and 254 and considering the proposition laid down by this Court in M. Karunanidhi case (supra) with respect to the situations in which repugnancy would arise, in para 9, held as follows:- â€Å"9. Parliament has exclusive power to legislate with respect to any of the matters enumerated in List I, notwithstanding anything contained in clauses (2) and (3) of Article 246. The non obstante clause under Article 246(1) indicates the predominance or supremacy of the law made by the Union Legislature in the event of an overlap of the law made by Parliament with respect to a matter enumerated in List I and a law made by the State Legislature w ith respect to a matter enumerated in List II of the Seventh Schedule. 10. There is no doubt that both Parliament and the State Legislature are supreme in their respective assigned fields. It is the duty of the court to interpret the legislations made by Parliament and the State Legislature in such a manner as to avoid any conflict. However, if the conflict is unavoidable, and the two enactments are irreconcilable, then by the force of the non obstante clause in clause (1) of Article 246, the parliamentary legislation would prevail notwithstanding the exclusive power of the State Legislature to make a law with respect to a matter enumerated in the State List. 11. With respect to matters enumerated in List III (Concurrent List), both Parliament and the State Legislature have equal competence to legislate. Here again, the courts are charged with the duty of interpreting the enactments of Parliament and the State Legislature in such manner as to avoid a conflict. If the conflict becomes unavoidable, then Article 245 indicates the manner of resolution of such a conflict. Thereafter, this Court, in para 12, held that the question of repugnancy between the parliamentary legislation and the State legislation could arise in following two ways:- â€Å"12. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ First, where the legislations, though enacted with respect to matters in their allotted sphere, overlap and conflict. Second, where the two legislations are with respect to matters in the Concurrent List and there is a conflict. In both the situations, parliamentary legislation will predominate, in the first, by virtue of the non obstante clause in Article 246(1), in the second, by reason of Article 254(1). Clause (2) of Article 254 deals with a situation where the State legislation having been reserved and having obtained President's assent, prevails in that State; this again is subject to the proviso that Parliament can again bring a legislation to override even such State legislation. 51. In National Engg. Industries Ltd. v. Shri Kishan Bhageria [(1988) Supp SCC 82], Sabyasachi Mukharji, J. , opined that the best test of repugnancy is that if one prevails, the other cannot prevail. Case Study – Vijay Kumar Sharma V State Of Karnataka (Air 1990 Sc 2072) by Sayontika Das Part XI of the Indian Constitution describes the legislative relations between the States and the Centre. Article 254 to establish the doctrine of Repugnancy is one of the laws laid down under the Indian Constitution as a safeguard to solve disputes arising between the states and the Union. Repugnancy’ is meant to express ‘conflict’, whereby there is an expressed inconsistency between the State-made law and the Union-made law. Case details:Bench Majority opined- Mishra Rangnath, Sawant P. B and desenting view Ramaswamy. K. Relevant statutory provisions (i) Karnataka Contract Carriages (Acquisition) Act (21 of 1976); s. 14 & s. 20; (ii) Motor Vehicles Act 1988; s. 74 & s. 80(2); and (iii) The doctrine of Repugnancy: Article 254 of the Indian Constitution. Reference cases (i) Ch. Tika Ramji v. State of Uttar Pradesh (AIR 1956 SC 676) ; (ii) Hoechst Pharmaceuticals Ltd. v. State of Bihar (AIR 1983 SC 1019). Case Study: The doctrine deals with List (III) schedule (VII) which declares both the Union and State legislatures competent to legislate. However in case of conflict between the laws, the Union law will prevail if it is made within an entry of List (III), irrespective of whether it the Union law is made by before or after the State Legislature. According to Article 254 (1) an overriding effect is provided to the provisions of a Parliament-made law which the Parliament is competent to enact or in with respect to any matter as enumerated in the List III of Schedule VII. In such a scenario if any provision of a State-made law is in conflict with the Parliament–made law under such circumstance the State-made law is declared void to the extent of repugnancy. Under List III named as the Concurrent List in Schedule VII of the Indian Constitution both the Union and State Legislatures are competent to make laws on any of the entries mentioned therein. However they are subject to Clause (2) of Article 254 only in case, there is no conflict between the provisions of the said State-made law and a Central Act on the subject. However in case there is a repugnancy in question of a State law and Union law enumerated on one of the subjects of List III, the State law must yield to the Union law unless it has already been reserved for the assent of the President and has duly received so under Article 254 (2). The question of repugnancy therefore rightfully arises when there is a direct conflict between the provisions of the State law and the Union law on the same occupied field. Laws are said to be repugnant ideally when they get involved into taking responsibility for obedience to a higher authority. Simultaneously however certain inconsistent enactments to each of these laws may sometimes be possible without disobeying the other. Thus a suitable instance for repugnancy arises only when legislation falling in List III, the Concurrent List can be cured by resorting to Article 254 (2). The question of repugnancy under Article 254 arises when the provisions of both laws are fully inconsistent or are absolutely irreconcilable and it is impossible to obey without disobeying the other, or conflicting results are produced when both the statutes covering the same field are applied to a given set of facts.

Book Report The Corona Project by Curtis Peebles

CORONA Project: Curtis Peebles, the first US spy satellite, provides readers with new decoding information on how the first American satellite was used for information gathering. Through his book Corona Project: America 's First Spy Satellite, the author provides details on the birth of the satellite program by observing the Corona project from the late 1940' s until project declassification and project exhibition. information. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Curtis Peebles starts with the basics and makes it easier to understand somewhat complicated programs by building readers' knowledge about what is currently shown in the text. It is not just a corona project. From the late 1950s to the early 1970s, Peebles led readers to the government sector to undertake an internal review of the decision-making process of the President and other major public directors. One of the most impressive parts of this book is reference to Peebles' long-standing personal memos and dialogue by project personnel. A hand-held snapshot collected by the author, depicting individual engineers and other persons involved in the project. More personalized accessories for project related personnel Curtis Peebles provides readers with new decryption information on how to use the first US satellites for information gathering. Through his book Corona Project: America 's First Spy Satellite, the author provides details on the birth of the satellite program by observing the Corona project from the late 1940' s until project declassification and project exhibition. information. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. The main driving force of the project came from the launch of Sputnik I. As the Soviet Union seems to be far away, the authors explain how the project was robbed by the Air Force. They did not use WS - 117L for the development of corona satellites and handed the duties to the CIA It was. The goal that Peebles break the history of Corona project was achieved. I have foun d that this information is very rich and sometimes a bit overwhelming, but it is not difficult to understand. From various camera lenses to the overall success of the Corona project, the author has successfully demonstrated the detailed history of the project and the tasks performed by the satellite. As an image analyst, I found that the information provided by the satellite function is completely attractive. Only one runway can be identified from the start of the plan, and just ten years later you can count the aircraft on the runway. The big achievement of this project over the 12 years is definitely improved resolution from 40 feet to 6 feet (though it will be 2 feet). This kind of progress, nearly 300% improvement has never been experienced in such a short time.

Any artist from 1940-1970 and write about it Essay

Any artist from 1940-1970 and write about it - Essay Example This essay looks into some of the famous works of John Lennon and how they impacted on society in his time. In spite of the fact that he was a rich, influential and famous celebrity, he got out of his cocoon to become a peace activist who used his music to preach about peace and love. Most celebrities during this period failed to use music to spread peace that was much required during this time. John Lennon used his celebrity status to share his ideas on how he felt the world ought to have been (Hayden 7). All that he aspired to do was to spread the peace campaign across the globe and that is all that he dedicated his time to. His passion and talent appealed to numerous peace activists during this time to support his course. One of his notable songs ‘Imagine’ became the anthem for the socialist movement during this time. This song reached the highest number of people and appealed to activists world over. The song topped popular music charts during this period (Smith and Timothy 17). The song was catchy and contained a powerful message of peace. The lyrics stated â€Å"Imagine all the people living life in peace. You may say that Im a dreamer, but Im not the only one. I hope someday youll join us and the world will be as one† (Hayden 43).This song meant that if it all peace could be achieved, it had to start with our imagination. The artist was confident of the fact that he was not alone in his peace campaign and if others joined in, his imagination would eventually become a reality. The song was calling upon all people around the globe to come together and establish a world that if fit for everyone to live in, one that does not focus on religious and racial differences. He envisioned world without war or ownership of private property (Hayden 33). The song emphasized on the fact that we should share the world in the spirit of brotherhood. In fact, some people wondered

Visual Literacy in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Visual Literacy in Business - Essay Example However, there is more to the poster than just what meets the eye. In the year 2008, America was facing one of its worst moment. The poster portrayed Obama as what America needed to get back to its feet. He was the hope for America. The variety of solid colors used in the poster represented all the races in America. It sold him as being a president who represented all the races equally. ‘’We can do it† poster was trying to sell the idea to women that they could also join the Second World War. However, the poster is acting as a platform to promote feminism. It has a message that communicates to women to arise and shine. They are encouraged to take up the challenging tasks through the message displayed and the use of an image of a woman. Old Spice advertisement is trying to sell the body wash. However, it is interesting because it sends the message that everything is possible when a man uses Old Spice. The man is portrayed to have a good body and wealthy. Every woman desires this type of a person and, therefore, most will buy the product for their men. This form of communication can lead to some ethical issues. They include sexism and feminism, for example, the Old Spice advertisement. It has objectified men and most would struggle to look like the man in it to make them attractive. If it were a female half-naked, it would have lead to a lot of reaction from the public therefore promoting

Credit card frauds Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Credit card frauds - Literature review Example Gomez (2008) observes in this regard that a rich businessman of United States Frank X. McNamara helped to enhance the concept of credit in regards to making purchases of consumer products and other utilities. McNamara worked to bring about the Diners Club cards which helped many people to avail meals on credit (Gomez, 2008, p.461). Definition and Type of Credit Cards Credit cards emerge as a better substitution for cash through which the consumers can go for purchasing different categories of commodities. Sander (2003) observes in this respect that credit card companies relate different types of products and services with the credit cards. However these companies are largely complained for charging high amount of interests and large amount of fees from the customers. Further, Sander (2003) observes that there are essentially three main different types of credit cards viz. ... In this regard, Bailyn (2007) states that use of credit cards helps in generation of protection to the consumers in regards to purchase of commodities. The consumers can easily return such purchases if availed through credit cards rather than cash. Again the use of credit cards also helps the financial organisations to gain easy access to potential information pertaining to the credit position of the individuals before rendering credit cards (Bailyn, 2007, p.30). Definition and History of Credit Card Frauds Fraud activities have earned a new dimension through the manipulative measures taken with the help of credit cards. Joshi (2006) states in this respect that fraudulent activities concerning misappropriation of financial resources through the use of credit cards constructs the basic premises of credit card fraud. Unauthorized access to accounts through the use of credit card or activities to gain possession of large number of goods and services through adulterated use of credit car ds are examples of credit card fraud (Joshi, 2006, p.40). Enhancement of fraudulent activities pertaining to credit card came into emergence with the development of internet. Montague (2004) observes in this respect that after the period of 1990s the development of internet technology has helped in the progress of electronic commerce. The use of credit cards to conduct such transactions online has led to the growth of hackers to retrieve potential information relating to such cards (Montague, 2004, p.43). Types of Credit Card Frauds With the growth of sophistication in consumerism the use of credit cards has gained huge momentum. Consumers around the world are found to increasingly gain hold of large number of consumer products through the extensive use of plastic

HISTORY ON FILM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HISTORY ON FILM - Essay Example Also implied is the fact that there would be inaccuracies. The first time I viewed Amadeus, and that was eons ago, I was absolutely bedazzled, awed and completely swept off my feet by the gripping story, the cinematography, the elaborate costumes, the art direction, the makeup, the magnificent acting of the two leads F. Murray Abraham as Antonio Salieri and Tom Hulce as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and of course the impeccable direction of Milos Forman. But what makes it memorable through the years is the revival of the music of one of the greatest composers the world has ever known and the restaging of his operas. Here, we are treated to a glimpse to some of Mozart’s everlasting operas e.g. The Abduction From The Seraglio, The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni and The Magic Flute. This movie gives free lessons on opera and music appreciation. We have to give kudos to Milos Forman, the director and the scriptwriter, Peter Shaffer for faithfully recreating and transporting all of us viewers to 18th century Vienna and Salzburg. This was spe cifically 1769, the time that Mozart displayed to all and sundry glimpses of his immense talent before the arrogant Archbishop of Salzburg and his court to the year 1791, the year of Mozart’s demise and Salieri’s confinement in a mental institution. Both Forman and Shaffer ensured that we, viewers, become a part of the excessive bacchanalian revelries of the aristocrats and people who matter in Austria; the pompous celebration of art, music and culture; that we view the ornate, majestic edifices of the 18th century Austria ruled by the Hapsburg royalty, which at this juncture in time was governed by the highly cultured Emperor Joseph II, the son of Empress Maria Theresa and Francis I and the brother of the ill-fated Marie Antoinette of France. We have to note that this is the heyday of the renaissance and thus, there is rebirth of classical art, literature, learning and architecture in Austria. Swept out

Constitution cafe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Constitution cafe - Essay Example The discussions are based on Thomas Jefferson, a radical who held the belief that there was the need to keep on revising the Constitution. As outlined in the book, periodic amendment of the Constitution can be regarded as essential since it keeps the constitution in line with the changing times. Phillips contends that the Constitution has become an immutable as well as a sacred text, which needs some shaking up or some review (Phillips 1–336). In the book, Phillips argues that respect of the United States’ Constitution forms a key phenomenon of modern political life in America. According to Phillips, the Constitution is the basis upon which the rights of the U.S. citizens can be understood. Across the political spectrum, it has become the last argument of politicians and the secular scripture has it as the moral gravity. The book explains the desire of the third American president, Thomas Jefferson, that Americans should rewrite the Constitution after every twenty years in order to enable them to meet their needs. The radical ideas of Jefferson are put to the test by Phillips, who asks Americans to create a new Constitution that will serve their needs (Phillips 1–336). Throughout the book, the main idea that Phillips strives to pass focuses on how the American public could rewrite the United States’ Constitution. The book involves a series of discussions, which engage various groups coming together and focussing on various Articles and Amendments. For example, there are teenagers who talk about the amendment of age at which people should vote, and lawyers discussing the patent clause. Each of the groups involved comes up with new Articles, which have the aim of redressing problems of the existent Constitution. The author also discusses the historical interludes regarding the conflicts among the Founding Fathers; this highlights the compromises as well as difficulties that were needed in 1783 (Phillips 1–336). In the book, Phillips portrays

Organisational Transactions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organisational Transactions - Essay Example Similarly, to improve management in an organization, natural approach is admitted and a perception of exchange is laid which begins like: The process of give and take is known as Law of Reciprocity or exchange of currencies with an expectation to get the reward back. â€Å"Currencies† can also be referred as â€Å"favors† that one does for colleagues, managers or clients. An exchange of currencies could be in any gesture like a note of appreciation, praise in a meeting, raise in a salary, paid holidays etc (Brian Tracy, 2002). It all depends upon the relationship one has with his/her colleagues, managers or high officials and the number of currencies used among employees. This process nourishes when one develops strong alliances and build positive relationship with his team members and supports the idea that reciprocity is the fundamental principle of organizational transactions and should be done with the balance of equal returns. However, exchange of currencies is alw ays not possible but this is where the mutual understanding and compatibility differs. It mostly happens at higher level where approach of targeting objectives is unparallel among two senior officials and thus results in inconvertible currencies (Cohen, Bradford, 1989). FAILURE IN ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSACTIONS: (Cohen, Bradford, 1989), it is very important to deal the organizational transactions responsibly because it fails if the three factors are not dealt appropriately: Underestimation of potential allies: This explains that an influencer should never underestimate an employee but to weight them all as a potential allies. Understanding the ally’s world: An influencer should know what his allies want in return and how they want. Self awareness of an influencer: It is very important for an influencer to target the objectives instead of getting disoriented with what is to be achieved. PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE: To create a Leaderful Organization, thought process and approach have to be diversified to be benefited with this new theory. Personally, if I and my CEO share a same interest then there is nothing wrong in arranging a game with him as mentioned, he is also a good squash player. It could be very overwhelming and different if a boss himself invites to play a game. And a situation can completely differ if a junior tries to influence a boss by inviting him for a game. There could be two different outcomes: positive and negative but consequences cannot be predicted until the outcome of the match is visible. Though, if the intention is just to invite him with open hearts, not for the sake of showing him down or proving himself but to have a healthy interaction besides official matters. This kind of exchange predicts Personal Related Currencies, in which one uplifts or upholds self esteem, values and identity and both share the task which increases their skills and expertise. And the best part is the gratitude they show to each other. It is important to know and understand before arranging that what approach is suitable for a potential ally, an offer for a game first or a solution to a problem in an office first. Once the match is programmed and the boss is ready to face it positively, employee would try his hard to prove himself and boss himself would put his complete efforts to win the match. There is a possibility that if a boss loses, he

Exploring the geological history Essay Example for Free

Exploring the geological history Essay Firstly we will explore the importance of the site of the town. Because St. Aubins has a town on the sea, it grew up on sites close to a natural harbour, which afforded shelter to the vessels that carried the seaborne trade, upon which the existence of the town depended. St. Aubin is a town of this last class; a glance at a map of Jersey will show that it and Gorey are the only accessible natural harbours which are completely sheltered from the strong westerly winds. St. Aubins is sheltered from the sea on all sides except from the South-East to South. It is widely believed that St. Aubins was once the capital of Jersey; but this can not be true because from the earliest times the Royal Court and the States have met in St. Helier. Also St. Aubin had no church until the 18th Century, and it would be very weird if the capital was left churchless.  Small vessels of the time, securely mooredcould lie safely in all weathers. The want of depth of water, so detrimental to our town in these days, mattered then, when vessels where very small, and when men where not in such a hurry as they are now, and did not mind waiting patiently for a high tide. This naturally sheltered harbour must have been a resort for fisherman from the earliest time when our island was cut off from the continent. There can be no doubt that St. Aubins is the best natural port in the Island.  The salt and dried cod they brought home found a market in the Roman Catholic countries, where there was an especially large demand during Lent. The ships that carried the fish to these countries brought back cargoes of foreign produce, which in turn was distributed in Northern Europe in exchange for timber for ship-building, hemp for cordage, canvas for sales, pitch and other goods. So a lucrative trade grew up, and the town increased in wealth and importance. St. Helier too, though it had little trade or shiping, seems to have been slightly more populous than St. Aubins, even in its great days.  The two towns in fact lived on quite dissimilar lines, the townsmen of St. Helier lived upon the Court, with its lawyers and functionaries, and upon the country people who came into market and to do there business, while the inhabitants of St. Aubins lived upon there overseas trade, and especially upon the Newfoundland fishery. After this time the state of St. Aubin increased slowly but steadily for about one hundred years. Then the ship owners found it very profitable on account of the long wars with France, to fit out and arm vessels as privateers, and the profits earned where so high that this kind of trade grew rapidly until St. Aubins became the chief privateering port in the kingdom. The privateers were fast vessels, heavily armed with guns, and manned with large crews, needed both to work the ships and guns. The captains each carried a Royal Commission called a letter of marque authorising the capture of the ships and goods of the French. The letter of marque was an important document, as it was all that stood between the whole crew hanged as pirates if taken by an enemy man-of-war. No wages were paid to any of the hands but each received his share of the prizes taken.  In the early years of the last century, St. Aubins reached its high point of importance, but then began to fall off owing to the competition of the new port of St. Helier, which was rapidly increasing its harbour accommodation. Of the two largest St. Aubins merchants, the house of Robin moved to St. Helier, while the Janvrins ceased business. This was a serious blow to St. Aubins, so that by about 1850 its shipping had dwindled to small figures, while St. Heliers had increased until it was the sixth port of the whole British Empire. The peace after the Battle of Waterloo helped this result, as privateers became useless and the large St. Aubins capital sunk in them was so great extent lost.  An attempt to make this port for granite export failed, though for a time, the export of gravel brought many ships back to the port. The coming of the railway was a great event. A company formed in 1846 accomplished nothing. A new company in 1861 met with many difficulties; but at last the track was laid. In 1870, the first train was greeted with salvo cannon, and the dean read an eloquent prayer. Two hundred guests lunched in a marquee in the Noirmont grounds. And trains ran continually to bring the while Island to the fete and the fireworks. In 1899, this line was extended to Corbiere. But the advent of the motor bus eventually killed the trains, and in1935 they ceased running. Later, the four-mile track from St. Aubin to La Corbiere was transformed into one of the pleasantest walks on the Island. The Germans relayed the line when making their fortifications; but they have now been removed. The Chief legacy the Germans left to St. Aubin is the immense tunnel which they blasted into the side of the hill to hold their reserve ammunition.  On the 20th October 1941 Hitler declared that the Channel Islands would become an impregnable fortress. Thousands of foreign workers, mostly Spanish, French, Polish and Russian were being poured into the Island to assist in the building of bunkers, gun emplacements, tunnels and sea walls. They needed sand, granite chippings, cement, water and, of course, reinforcing metal. Transport of the first two presented a considerable problem and was largely responsible for the building of the railways. The metre gauge line from St. Helier to St. Aubin and Corbiere can be said to have started opposite commercial buildings, within a stones throw of the former J.R. T Weighbridge terminus. From West Park to St. Aubins tunnel, the roadbed of the former J.R. T was more or less followed. The line was single throughout except for an occasional crossing loop. A blast wall had already been built at the eastern end of the old J.R. T tunnel at St. Aubin as a protection from the extensive galleries which were being excavated. The bore of the tunnel itself had been greatly increased and the galleries driven through solid rock, the area being second only to that of the much better known underground hospital, to which rather surprisingly no connecting railway was laid.

Porous Silicon p-type with Different Current Density

Porous Silicon p-type with Different Current Density Photoluminescence and Band Energy Gap For Porous Silicon p-type with Different Current Density  and Different Etching Time 1Mohammed Jabbar Hussein, *1W. Mahmood Mat Yunus, 2Halimah Mohamed Kamari 3Josephine Liew Ying Chyl, Abstract Photoluminescence (PL) for porous silicon lead to studied by many researcher .this phenomenon which has application in many devices. Porous silicon can be used in the optoelectronic devices and sensor. Therefore, the study to development porous silicon is very necessary,. In this study, porous silicon was prepared by chemical etching used silicon , the based electrolyte was ued HF acid with ethanol 1:1 . The porous silicon was characterized by Photoluminescence Spectrometer (PLS) and (SEM) Microscope. The range of the porosity (20.33 – 78.2) % and it is dependent on current density and etching time. The has Band gap energy which is from 1.81 ev to 2.o7 ev , the band gap energy is increased with increasing current density and increasing etching time Introduction Since the discovery of visible luminescence in the room temperature [1–5], porous silicon (PS) has become a subject of considerable interest, optoelectronic device [6,7]. many several methods [8–10] for fabricating PS from crystalline silicon wafers. The electrochemical etching [1,8]. Both method is the difference between them the chemical etching without using the external bias, therefore, considered this method the localized electrochemical process chemically [11]. Porous silicon was discovered in 1956 by Uhlir ( Uhlir 1956) while performing electro polishing experiments ,hydrofluoric acid (HF) was prepared in to silicon wafer by electrolyte containing . He found that under the appropriate conditions applied current and solution composition , the silicon did not dissolve uniformly but instead fine holes were produced, porous silicon formation was obtained using electrochemical dissolution of silicon wafer in aqueous or ethanoic HF solution The size dependency of the PL energy , which explains the efficient luminescence , causes the peaks to sift towards the higher energy or lower wavelength , as already reported [12,13] ,the red shift in PL peaks with decreasing average size of Si structure size in psi is considered to be strong evidence that the visible PL is caused by the quantum confinement effect [14] . The degree of the blue shift for psi usually depends preparation condition , Si resistivity , substrate ,type and dopant concentration , which can cause different modification of psi microstructure during anodisation [15] The values of the band gap energy of the porous silicon are the same range of the reported ( 1.5ev to 2.5 ev) [16.;17,18] In this work , porous silicon p-type was prepared by electrochemical etching technique and photoluminescence PL spectroscopy was used to determine the wavelength the emitted light . Preparation porous silicon All samples were prepared on (100) n- type silicon (Si) single crystal wafers of 537 thickness. Silicon substrates were cleaned by sonification for 5min in ethanol, and acetone. A Si substrate was placed at the bottom of a cylindrical Teflon cell and fixed by an aluminium plate as a backing material. A platinum (Pt) rod serves as a cathode perpendicular to the Si surface at a distance of (1cm). The samples were prepared with constant current, density, and etching time at a concentration of ethanol ( in the volume ratio of 1:1. Theaside is an essential ingredient for the anodical etching of . Ethanol was added into electrolyte to enhance the homogeneity and uniformity of the () surface because it acts as a promoting agent to increase the wettability of () surface and to remove the extraneous H2 bubbles that appear during the anodical etching process. In fact, ethanic solutions infiltrate the pores, while purely aqueous HF solution does not. This is very important for the lateral hom ogeneity and the uniformity in depth of the () layer. A digital current source () was used to supply constant current. Figure (1) shows the schematic diagram of all the elements used for the preparation of (). To generate the electron hole pairs, the surface of sample was illuminated with halogen lamp () during iodisation. For all samples, a voltage of was applied to the halogen lamp for illumination. The current densities used for samples are 10 mA/cm2, 20 mA/cm2, and 30 mA/cm2 with etching times of 20mins, 40mins, 60mins, and 80mins. HF based electrolyte Pt electrode Teflon cell Si wafer Current source AL plate Figure 1: Schematic of electrochemical etching cell for iodisation of () samples Figure (2):porous silicon (). a without light .b)with light .c) after remove the porous . Figure(3) : SEM images of PSi a) silicon wafer as scale 1m, b)-porous silicon (). as scale. c) porous silicon as scale 500 nm .d) porous silicon as scale . Results and discussion The optical properties of psi samples electrochemically etched at three different current density and by varying etching time. Figures (4- a,b,and c) shows the variation of PL spectra with etching time for the psi samples obtained at the current density 10 mA /cm2 , 20 mA/cm 2, and 30 mA/cm2. The intense luminescence spectra emitted from porous silicon structures formed on the samples. The pl peaks show a steady red color shift from 500 nm to 800 nm with increasing the etching time . , Figures (4-a,b,c) PL peaks for porous silicon samples prepared under differnet etching time with the current density a) 10 ma/cm2 ,b)20 mA/cm2 ,c)30 mA/cm2. respectively The Figure (5) show the PL spectra of samples prepared by current density of 10, 20 and 30 , respectively ..The band gap energy () was inferred from (PL) wavelength (ÃŽ ») using (. the relationship between band energy gap with the current density and etching time is increased the band energy gap when the current density and etching time increasing [19] . Figure (5-a,b) show the energy gap () variation of psi samples as a function of etching time and current density , respectively Figures (5-a,b) Band energy gap as a function to a) etching time with different current density ,b) currents density with the different etching time . Respectively Figure (6) show the band energy gap versus the porosity for three different current density of the samples and deferent etching time. The band gap energy value is not linearly increased with increasing porosity because the change in the structure size of the silicon. The results show the dependency of the band gab energy value to the current density especially in high porosity [16] Figure (6) .band gap energy as a function to porosity with different current density. Table (1) .the values of porosity, band gap energy, and PL peaks intensity for porous silicon with different current density and different etching time Table (1) shows that the band gap energy increases from ( 1.82 ,1.90,194,and 1.97 ) ev to (1.86,1.91,196,and 2,01) in etching time (20,40,60,and 80 )min respectively when the current density increasing from 10 to 20 ,also the increases the band energy gap from ( 1.86,1.93,196,and 2,01) ev to ( 1.93,1.97,2.01 ,and 2.07 ) in the etching time20,40,60,and 80 )min respectively when the current density increasing from 20 to 30. The results show an increase the band energy gap when the etching time increasing. That mean the band energy gap depended of the current density and etching time . the results shown the band gap energy is increased with etching time , it is increase from (1.82,1.86,and 1.93 ) ev to (1.90 , 1.93 , and 1.97 ) ev in the current density (10,20,and 30) mA/cm2 respectively when the etching time increasing from 20 min to 40 min . as well to another etching time from 40 min to 60 min and from 60 min to 80min . Conclusion. In summary. The results show for the effects the etching time and current density to the band energy gap and the porosity. In this experimental the band energy gap is increased with increasing the current density the band gap energy increases from ( 1.81 ,1.88,194,and 1.99 ) ev to (1.86,1.91,196,and 2,01) in etching time (20,40,60,and 80 )min respectively when the current density increasing from 10 to 20 , . as well to another current density ,also the band energy gab is increased from (1.81,1.86,and 1.93 )ev to (1.88 , 1.91 , and 1.97 ) ev in the current density (10,20,and 30) mA/cm2 respectively when the etching time increasing from 20 min to 40 min . as well to another etching time . Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank Physics Department in the University Putra Malaysia for providing the research fealties. References [1]Canham, L.. (1990). Silicon quantum wire †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Applied Physics Letters,57(10), 1046-1048. [2]Lehmann, V., Gà ¶sele, U. (1991). Porous silicon formation: A quantum wire effect.Applied Physics Letters,58(8), 856-858. [3] Searson, P. C., Macaulay, J. M., Ross, F. M. (1992). Pore morphology and the mechanism †¦Journal of applied physics,72(1), 253-258. [4] Hummel, R. E., Morrone, A., Ludwig, M., Chang, S. S. (1993). On the origin of photoluminescence †¦Applied physics letters,63(20), 2771-2773. [5] Calderà ³n, A., Alvarado-Gil, J. J., Gurevich, Y. ., Cruz-Orea, A., Delgadillo, Vargas, ., Miranda, L. (1997). Photo-thermal characterization †¦.Physical Review Letters,79(25), 5022. [6] Joubert, P., Abouliatim, A., Guyader, P., Briand, D., Lambert, B., Guendouz, M. (1995). Growth and luminescence of n-†¦. Films,255(1), 96-98. [7Lockwood, D. J. (1994). Optical properties of porous silicon.Solid State Communications,92(1), 101-112. [8] Beale, M. I. J., Benjamin, J. D., Uren, M. J., Chew, N. G., Cullis, A. G. (1985). An experimental and †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ porous silicon.Journal of Crystal Growth,73(3), 622-636. [9] Hummel, R. E., Chang, S. S. (1992). Novel technique †¦Applied physics letters,61(16), 1965-1967. [10]Maeda, Y., Tsukamoto, N., Yazawa, Y., Kanemitsu, Y., Masumoto, Y. (1991). Visible photoluminescence †¦ matrices.Applied physics letters,59(24), 3168-3170.). [11]Lemus, R.G., Rodriguez, C.H., Hander, F.B. and Duart, J.M.M. 2002. Anodic and optical characterisation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Solar Energy Materials Solar Cell 72:495-501 [12] Bisi, O., Ossicini, S., Pavesi, L. (2000). Porous silicon: a quantum †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Surface science reports,38(1), 1-126. [13] Nguyen, T. P., Le Rendu, P., Tran, V. H., Parkhutik, V., Esteve, R. F. (2000). Electrical and optical †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. silicon structures.Journal of Porous Materials,7(1-3), 393-396. [14] Hirschman, K. D., Tsybeskov, L., Duttagupta, S. P., Fauchet, P. M. (1996). Silicon-based visible light†¦..microelectronic circuits. [15] Bernini, U., Lettieri, Maddalena, P., Vitiello., Francia. (2001). Evaluation of the thermal conductivity of porous †¦Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter,13(5), 1141. [16] Rajabi, M., Dariani, R. S. (2009). â€Å"Current improvement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Journal of Porous Materials,16(5), 513-519. [17] Sheng, C. K., Mahmood Mat Yunus, W., Yunus, W. M. Z. W., Abidin Talib, Z., Kassim, A. (2008). Characterization of thermal†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. B: Condensed Matter,403(17), 2634-2638. [18] Srinivasan, R., Jayachandran, M., Ramachandran, K. (2007). Photoacoustic studies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Crystal Research and Technology,42(3), 266-274. [19]Ee, D. T. J., Sheng, C. K., Isa, M. I. N. (2011). Photoluminescence of porous †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences,15(2), 227-231.

Should Plea Bargaining be Abolished? Essay -- Pros and Cons of Plea Ba

Being a citizen of the United States comes with advantages that no other country can match. We are granted rights and privileges just for being born within our borders. Others can also gain these rights by adopting our way of life and swearing to uphold its values. Being a citizen or not, we are expected to obey laws that the U.S. Government has put in place to maintain order and balance. When we don’t obey these laws the government has the right to punish us. Luckily for us, our Bill of Rights has even granted us rights until proven guilty. It gives us rights to a fair and speedy trial as well as the right to representation during trial. So many rights and procedures have come about since the birth of our nation. We are constantly making new rules to help uphold the old rules and deciding if the old rules still apply. One practice that has been used during trial has no mention in the Bill of Rights, but has been held as constitutional is plea-bargaining.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The plea bargain was a tool rarely used before the 19th century in prosecution. â€Å"In America, it can be traced almost to the very emergence of public prosecution, although not exclusive to the U.S., developed earlier and more broadly here than most places.† Plea-bargaining was limited because judges controlled most sentencing. Judges did not appreciate the workload relief until personal injury cases skyrocketed during the industrial era.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A plea bargain can be defined as, â€Å"a negotiation between the defendant and his attorney on one side and the prosecutor on the other, in which the defendant agrees to plead â€Å"guilty† or â€Å"no contest† to some crimes, in return for reduction of the severity of the charges, dismissal of some of the charges, the prosecutor’s willingness to recommend a particular sentence or some other benefit to the defendant. Sometimes one element of the bargain is that the defendant reveal information such as location of stolen goods, names of others participating in the crime or admission of other crimes. The judge must agree to the result of the plea bargain before accepting the plea. If he does not, then the bargain is cancelled.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One could wonder why plea bargains are even made. One reason would be that criminal courts are becoming clogged and overcrowded. Going through the proper procedure and processes that we are granted takes time. Trials can take anywhere from days to... ...caseloads, and more often than most realize they may plea-bargain a case that in fact should be prosecuted. I have no intentions of trying to judge their actions, simply because I truly appreciate the position they are in.† Bibliography ABA Division for Public Education: Steps in a Trial: Plea Bargaining. Sept. 25, 2004 http://www.abanet.org/publiced/courts/pleabargaining.html CNN.com - Ashcroft's new charging, plea bargaining, and sentencing Oct. 3, 2003 http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/10/03/findlaw.analysis.lazarus.ashcroft/ Defendants' Incentives for Accepting Plea Bargains. Sept. 25, 2004 http://www.nolo.com/lawcenter/ency/article. Ellis, Michael. â€Å"Message no. 5921.† Sept. 11, 2004 http://www.saintleodl.eduprise.com Plea Bargain. Sept. 25, 2004 http://dictionary.law.com/definition2. Plea Bargaining Sept. 29, 2002. http://www.truthinjustice.org/bargaining.htm Plea Bargaining: An Unconstitutional Delegation of Judicial Power. Sept. 25, 2004 http://www.lawmall.com/pleabarg/ Plea Bargaining Nov 24, 1992 http://www.bronxda.net/fcrime/plea.htm Plea Bargains: Why and When They're Made . Sept. 25, 2004 http://www.nolo.com/lawcenter/ency/article

National Conflict and Dispute Essay example -- Anthropology, Culture C

Introduction Disputes and conflicts are mostly caused by race, gender, culture, language, ideologies and religion. These factors are inter-related for it shows the differences of people in every way that causes arguments, debates and misunderstanding either internationally or locally. Numerous times of debates and advocacy between who is dominant and who is subordinate has been a great input in the making of our history which until now, is still being added. Disputes and conflicts in this era is just repeating history therefore, history speaks for itself. Since the study of anthropology is studying humanity either cultural, past societies, physical or language; it studies how and why the society has been formed the way it is now. One of the most interesting fields of anthropology is linguistic anthropology for language is known to influence our social life. Additionally, it also explores how language shapes people’s communication and how it organizes cultural beliefs and ideologies. Fifty years ago, the study of culture conflict for anthropologist was limited to people who lived in close proximity to each other (Beeman, 2008). Before, anthropologist mostly studied the factions living in the same society and restricted themselves in conflict and violence within the country and not between countries. However, anthropologists today study conflict between nations based from their studies regarding the conflicts within the nation. Knowledge and understanding of the history will help in understanding why certain disputes and conflicts are still at large. Conflict and Dispute One of the unforgettable conflict and dispute of all times is the September 11 bombing—the era of troubled and difficult times between the Unite... ...to stand together to fight for their common goal. The conflict between the United States and Middle East is because of the misunderstanding of the other parties’ purposes. Conflicts and dispute does not only happen between two nations but also within the country. Different races and ethnicity is the reason why individuals in one society have conflict—also misunderstanding with what each race and origin wants. Monoglot standardization is not a solution that can be easily implemented since it will create more misunderstanding between races. If performers can understand and respond to a verbal duel whereas mostly the words are with double meanings, then it is also possible to understand the language and meaning of the races different from the other. This will happen if people will learn how to listen and not by mere hearing.

Pressures Of Society :: essays research papers

Pressures of Society Our behavior usually is controlled and decided by us, but that is not always the case. As we saw in the play Marty's behavior was not always his own decision. The behavior of any person can be greatly manipulated by society. There are a few points in the play and in normal life that can prove this statement is true. Marty's actions were greatly influenced by the views of his family and friends. Marty was forced into many actions by the people around him. A person will consider what other tells them as much as what they believe in themselves. Marty was always a quiet man that didn't like going out, it was his family and friends that told him to do so. It was his decision, but it wasn't his choice. Marty did not want to go anywhere yet he did just because his friends and family told him so. It is not always easy to refuse such thing, Marty had to make a decision and decided he should go out. By analyzing the pros and cons he made a decision, basing it on knowledge and commonsense, after all going out is not a bad thing. But what if there is no decision? What if the person is forced to do something that he does not agree with? This can be blamed on the pressure of society as well, sometimes you do something that you know you don't want just because someone is forcing you. Marty showed such behavior many times throughout the play. It was not always a conscious decision every time that Marty did what he did, he based many of his decisions just on what his friends and family told him. It is this play that made me think, that our decisions and choices are based on what we think just as much as what others think. It is not always your choice and it is not always what you want that you do. For example I am writing this essay because someone told me so, and it is not my choice either to do it or not, I can decide if to do so but that doesn't leave with other options. Some actions people do are subconsciously inputted by society, that means that there was no specific someone that told you what to do, yet you still do it because society has set this standard. This type of action can be seen in anyone at every given day. It can range from the simpler things like dressing up, and looking good all

How does Alton Towers Monitor Customer Service Essay

Alton towers is an industry that offers products and services that are similar to its competitors, they need to continually monitor and asses their levels of customer service, and improve areas so that they can exceed customer expectations. To have a high level of customer service the organisation first needs to identify its aims and objectives this might come in the form of a mission statement. Alton towers mission statement is ‘we create magic moments’ this appeals to people of all ages, and different groups of people, what people look for when they go to Alton towers. Like many other businesses and services it is vital to keep customers happy regardless weather they are old or new, this will encourage them to revisit the attraction. People from different back grounds and ages Price or value for money Alton towers costs à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½23.00 for one adult ticket, so when you purchase the ticket you expect to get value for money which is different for different people, one persons value for money might be fun for the whole family (adults, children and teenagers) another persons value for money might be to visit every ride in the theme park twice. So Alton towers needs to take in consideration that everyone’s value for money is different but cannot lower there prices to low due to competitive organisations and the annual funding needed to keep the park open, so what Alton towers have done is printed off booklets informing people of the prices and opening times of the theme park, height restrictions on rides seasonal times (the time of year that the park is most popular) online information and website from this booklet people can see. When to visit, what time to visit, how much they are going to pay and what rides they can/can’t go on and see if Alton towers offers better value for money than Drayton manor park. Consistency and accuracy of the park If customer receive a good amount of customer service while at Alton towers and this continues each time it encourages people to revisit again and again, Alton towers is forever trying to improve its standard of customer service and rides to make it more enjoyable for people, they are now trying to improve the waiting lines so that rides are easier to access and the lines go down quicker. Accessibility Alton towers have a very good accessibility due to the high amounts of people arriving and departing from the park. Alton towers has increased there car parks so that they can now hold up to 50,000 vehicles a day if the accessibility is bad then customers will assume that it is like this all around the park, there are also ramps to help people who cannot walk up steps or are in a wheelchair, rides also let wheel chair users access the ride from the exits which are also ramped so that access is more easier. Reliability If Alton towers is unreliable then people are influenced to try another theme park. But Alton towers is not unreliable this is what attracts customers to come back, they keep there internet and brochures up-to-date and let customers know what is going on around the park this is reliable because if they where closed one day and they didn’t advertise it lots of people would still turn up at the theme park expecting to get in. Staff At Alton towers they employ the best staff that are trained to deal with the high expected levels of customer service, staff all where a uniform this to ensure that they remain clean and recognized Alton towers also employs over 1500 members of staff and they are all divided to work over different areas of the park to help with customers In busy periods e.g. over the summer Alton towers employs more ‘casual staff’ that can handle high amounts of customers and that can deal with them in an appropriate manner Health and safety If the health and safety of the park is poor the customers will not visit again but if the high standards are noticeable then they will enjoy there visit a lot more, at Alton towers rides have regular maintenance checks and are run in the morning before the park opens to ensure that there are no faults. Cleanliness and hygiene The cleanliness and hygiene standards of Alton towers is essential if the park looks unclean this gives a really bad first impression when the customer see it , the park has been given hundreds of bins, there are also designated litter pickers that patrol the park every 15 minutes, toilets that are all around the park are monitored every 40 minutes to ensure they remain clean and tidy. Enjoyment The main objective at Alton towers is to make everyone’s day (who visits the park) is to make is as enjoyable as possible, they do this by trying to get lines and queues down as quick as possible, offering people fast track system so the can skip the queues, more fast food restaurants are being introduced this will help to the long queue’s that

A Story of Three Progressives

A Story of Three Progressives Three classic theorists, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber have discussed and analyzed the complexity of modernization. Modernization is a broad concept that refers to major social changes which occur when a pre-industrial society develops economically and the workplace shifts from the home to the factory (industrialization), people move from farms into cities where jobs are available (urbanization), and large-scale formal organizations emerge (bureaucratization). Each of these sociologists have developed major theoretical and methodological statements on the topic of modernization and many of their theories that were made a century or two ago still hold true today. Beginning with Karl Marx, an extreme revolutionary of the 19th century, he argued that modernization is an ascendancy of industrial capitalism. His idea of modernity was shaped by three developments in history: the French revolutions of 1789 and 1848, the industrial and agricultural revolutions in Britain, and the collapse of the church's intellectual credibility. Despite living his life when most of Europe was still agricultural and artisanal; most European states were still dominated by monarchical power; and most Europeans still went to church, Marx understood industrial labor and some of its future effects. Marx depicts modernization as a capitalist society working as a system, in which each group or individual works to fulfill the need of another. As soon as an individual enters a capitalist society, he is socialized into a certain role or behavior which fulfills the needs of that society (role meaning either a proletariat or a capitalist). For instance, if an individual is a proletariat he must work for a capitalist to satisfy the needs of the society. (cite communist manifesto somewhere). This division between the proletarians and the capitalists are enforced for the benefit of the owners so that they can exploit the working class for their own means, but the working class does not resist because this system has become normalized. The two classes work as a â€Å"team† and through a hierarchy create a productive society. Overall, Marx thinks of modernization as a world where individuals rely on each other to function, and each individual is assigned a role. Next, Emile Durkheim stressed that modernization involves an increased division of labor (specialized economic activity), and a shift from mechanical to organic solidarity. This academic discusses division of labor as a necessary tool for a productive society, but it is also a natural occurrence. Durkheim proceeds from the concept that the division is an organic outgrowth of a society in which different people have different interests and skills. Therefore, a society in which individuals specialize in producing a good or service will be more efficient than a society that is generalized. Durkheim’s view of modernization explains that iindividuals no longer perform the same tasks, have the same interests, nor necessarily share the same perspectives on life. But, Durkheim makes it clear that this does not cause a society to fail or disintegrate, instead organic solidarity is formed. Similar to the organs within a body, individuals perform certain specific functions, but rely on the well-being and successful performance of other individuals. If one organ fails, the rest of them fail as well. A body, or in this case a society, cannot function at all if one part crumbles. This reliance upon each other for social (and even physical) survival is the source of organic solidarity and the modern world’s interdependency in a society. Lastly, Max Weber analyzed modernization as the replacement of tradition with rationality. He felt that society will become more complicated, specialized, professionalized, and stratified in the modern world. Prayer and religion will no longer be aspects that fix and/or help solve problems. Science will be the rational way of thought and will be the dominate way of finding a solution. Specialization will result in professionalism, which in turn will bring more order to the modern world as every segment of every job will have a â€Å"specialist†. In general, modernization to Weber meant society will be controlled by managers and experts, and rationality will dictate the way of life. Each of these theorists have strong opinions on modernization and developed what they believe will be the effects of it in the future. Between Marx, Durkheim, and Weber, various theoretical arguments have been made, each being extremely progressive thoughts for the time period they lived in. Karl Marx thinks modernization leads to both good and bad outcomes. One outcome modernization leads to is alienation. Marx believed that alienation is a systematic result of capitalism, in which both the capitalist and proletariat become isolated. This theory is based upon his observation that, in emerging industrial production, under capitalism, workers inevitably lose control of their lives and selves in not having any control of their work. Thus, workers never become autonomous, self-realized human beings in any significant sense. Karl Marx attributes four types of alienation in labor under capitalism. The first type is when the worker becomes alienated from his own human potential. The workplace is no longer a place of fulfillment, but instead where the worker feels the least human and the least like himself. Ultimately, the worker becomes a machine that is controlled. The next type of alienation occurs between workers. This happens because capitalism reduces labor to a commodity to be traded on the market, rather than a true social relationship. Even if a worker is side by side another worker, he is unlikely to communicate with him due to the nature of capitalism (e. . an assembly line using technology does not allow one to speak with a fellow worker). Thirdly, the worker becomes alienated from the product itself. This occurs because the capitalist class controls the worker and in turn owns the product. In fact, a worker must buy the product he makes for the same price as anyone else. Lastly, a worker becomes alienated from the entire production process. This means that the actua l work becomes mindless, meaningless, and more than likely offers little or no intrinsic satisfactions. Similarly, a worker who performs a very specialized task may not even know what the final product will be. Another outcome Marx believes modernization leads to is social stratification. Social stratification means that working class people are not likely to advance socioeconomically, while the wealthy people may continue to exploit the proletariat generation after generation. Marx identified that the social classes are stratified based on their connection to the means of production and therefore the ruling class, bourgeoisie, and proletarians, maintain their social positions by maintaining their elationship with the means of production. This maintenance of status quo is achieved by various methods of social control employed by the bourgeoisie within many aspects of social life (e. g. religion). Marx also strongly believed modernization would cause products and/or commodities to have exchange value. This meant that instead of products being used immediately, they would be exchanged in the market for money or other objects. This use value is connected to the relationship between human needs and tangible objects that can satisfy those needs. For instance, shoes have the purpose of protecting ones feet and bread has the use value of satisfying hunger. If an individual chooses to trade one of these objects for the other than he has given each an exchange value. According to Marx, the various exchange values of commodities reflect the various amounts of labor, measured in time, that their production requires. Commodities and their use value lead to Marx’s idea on the â€Å"fetishism of commodities. † This is when the commodity takes on its own form. This can be something an individual produces or even one’s own labor. One’s own labor can even become a commodity, as it bought and sold and therefore requires an exchange value. This idea also relates to alienation mentioned above. A workers labor is used by the capitalist to make the objects that ultimately come to dominate the workers. Hence, commodities are the source of alienation because workers produce for the sake of others instead of for their own purposes and needs. Similarly, the fetishism of commodities can be interpreted into the concept of reification. Reification is the process of coming to believe that humanly created social forms are natural, universal, and absolute things. This implies that people believe that social structures are beyond their control and unchangeable. Marx believed capitalism would cause reification to occur and create a self-fulfilling prophecy in which structures actually do become the character others believe they are. This concept demonstrates that capitalism will not only lead to objects given value, but people as well. Marx also feels that modernization leads to wants becoming needs, and needs reating more needs. In other words, the satisfaction of one’s needs can lead to the creation of new needs. Ritzers example for this is how the production of cars satisfied the need for long-distance travel, but led to a new need for highways. Also, at one time people did not feel they needed cars when the car was first invented, but nowadays most people feel they need them. Therefore, Marx concluded that la bor occurs in response to needs, but the labor itself transforms needs, which can lead to new forms of productive activity. One final thought Karl Marx thought capitalism would create was a proletariat revolution. Because the capitalist exploit the workers, Marx believed that sooner or later the proletarians would fight back. As capitalism progresses more and more people become workers, and less people become capitalists. Marx thought that with increasing numbers of workers, more resistance to exploitation and oppression would occur, ultimately leading to a confrontation and revolution. Despite these thoughts, Marx felt that capitalism was a step in the right direction. The birth of capitalism opened up new possibilities for freedom of workers and provides possibility for freedom from the traditions from previous societies (pre capitalism). Though, Marx was an advocate of Communism and believed this was the answer to a change in mode of production. Next, Emile Durkheim has theories on the effects of modernization as well. First, Durkheim believes modernization leads to dynamic density. Over time, societies go through a transition from being more primitive/mechanical, to being more modern/organic; the difference lying in the source of their solidarity, or what holds them together (Ritzer, 2007). The cause of this transition is an increase in dynamic density. One may think the solution to this problem is to have a growing or increasing population, but this is not sufficient enough to create change in the division of labor. The reason for this is that individuals and small groups of people can live in relative isolation from one another and still perform most of the tasks necessary for survival themselves, no matter how big the overall population gets (Ritzer, 2007). Therefore, a growing population must also increase the frequency with which people interact within and between social groups. This increase in dynamic density is likely to cause a division of labor and the transformation of social solidarity. As mentioned above, Durkheim developed two terms: mechanical and organic solidarity. A society characterized by mechanical solidarity means a unified one in which every person is a generalist. This society is held together because each individual is engaged in a similar activity as the another, and can therefore relate with each other. Contrasting, organic solidarity is held together by the differences among people and the fact that each individual has a different job or task. Durkheim believed that modern society was one in which there are a narrow range of tasks and many people must work in order to survive. Therefore, modern society is held together by the specialization of people and their need for the services of many others. Unfortunately, according to Durkheim, this means that modern societies have weaker shared understandings, norms, and beliefs than primitive ones, but are more likely to be cohesive from the division of labor. Along with dynamic density, Durkheim was concerned about the moral â€Å"health†of modern society. He felt that morality was connected with society and therefore society could not be immoral, but it could possibly lose its moral force if the collective interest of society became nothing but self-interests of individuals. Durkheim also felt that people were in risk of a â€Å"pathological† loosening of moral bonds (Ritzer, 2007). Without this, people would be in search of more and more gratification, leading to more and more needs. Every human being will want more and society will start to not limit these needs. Durkheim called this the â€Å"insatiable desire† that modernization would endure. In summary, Durkheim debates in The Division of Labor that moral solidarity has changed in modern society and that modern society allows for more interdependence and closer, less competitive relations. Lastly, Max Weber thinks modernization leads to a variety of outcomes. The first outcome of modernization is bureaucracy.

The Role of Press in Society

Press rules |Members of the press must register for the congress. They will receive a press badge. | |Members of the press may attend the congress lectures on a complimentary basis. | |A press room will be available. | |Press releases by companies must be received for approval by EFNS Head Office ([email  protected] org) | |not later than 15 days before the beginning of the congress. | |Companies may place their press releases in the press room. |Embargo policy: Companies may not place a press release prior to discussion of the relevant topic / product in the satellite | |symposium and/or oral or poster session | |Posters (one) announcing press meetings and invitations to press meetings may be placed in the press room only. | Content of the rules A. Correct information 1. It is the duty of the mass media to publish information correctly and promptly. As far as possible it should be verified whether the information given is correct. 2. The sources of news should be treated critically, in particular when their statements may be coloured by personal interest or tortious intent. 3. Information which may be prejudicial or insulting or detract from the respect in which individuals should be held shall be very closely examined before publication, primarily by submission to the person concerned. 4. Attacks and replies should, where this is reasonable, be published together and in the same way. 5. A clear distinction shall be drawn between factual information and comments. 6. The form and content of headlines and subheadlines shall be substantiated by the article or publication in question. The same rule shall apply to newspaper placards. 7. Incorrect information shall be corrected on the editors' own initiative, if and as soon as knowledge of errors of importance in the published information is received. The correction shall be given in such a form that the readers, listeners or viewers may easily become aware of the correction. SHORT TITLE These rules may be called ‘The Central Newsmedia Accreditation Rules, 1999’. COMMENCEMENT AND SCOPE These rules shall come into force from the date of notification by the Government. These rules shall apply to the grant of accreditation to representatives of news media organisations at the headquarters of the Government of India and shall supercede all previous rules in this regard. AMENDMENTS The Central Press Accreditation Committee or the Principal Information Officer can make recommendations to the Central Government for amendment of the rules from time to time as considered necessary. DEFINITIONS a) â€Å"Central Press Accreditation Committee† means a Committee constituted by the Government of India under these Rules. b) ‘Newspaper’ shall have the same definition as given in the Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867. ) ‘News Media’ shall include newspapers, wire service and non-wire service news agencies, News Feature Agencies, Electronic Media Agencies and organisations containing news and comments on public news. d) A ‘Daily Newspaper’ shall be published on not less than five days in a week or as defined in the PRB Act. e) ‘Weekly’ and ‘Fortnightly’ newspaper shall have not less than 45 or 22 issues in a year, respectively. f) ‘Principal Information Officer’ means the Principal Information Officer to the Government of India, hereinafter referred to as the PIO. ) ‘Working Journalist’ means any working journalist as defined in the Working Journalist (conditions of Service and Miscellaneous Provision) Act, 1955. h) ‘Accreditation’ means recognition of news media representatives by the Government of India for purpose of access to sources of information in the Government and also to news materials, written or pictorial, released by the Press Information Bureau and/or other agencies of the Government of India. i) ‘Electronic News Media Organisation’ (Television or Radio) will include any TV/Radio News Programme Production Unit and TV/Radio News Agency.

Social Networking Sites

PROJECT SYNOPSIS Project Title: Study on how social networking sites effect lives of people Project Guide: Group: Introduction The social networking sites are gaining a lot of popularity these days with almost all of the educated youth using one or the other such site. These have played a crucial role in bridging boundaries and crossing the seas and enabling them to communicate on a common platform. It has become a popular and a potential mean for them to stay friends with the existing ones and to grow up their social circle at least in terms of acquaintances. The question regarding the safety, privacy and the legal issues have been cropping up all this time. Through this research we try to find out the impact of these networking sites on the personal and professional lives of people using them. It is a very subjective question to answer and is very opinion based and the same is reflected in the research methodology adopted by us. The report is initiated with the definition of the objective followed with the research methodology used along with the research design, sample size, methods used for the purpose of conducting survey. It also incorporates the sampling frame and the data collection procedure. Subsequent to this is the Introduction to the networking sites along with a brief description of the most popular sites. Then the issues of concern which have come up along the way in all these years since these sites gained popularity are discussed. The various issues and concerns of the respondents are also incorporated there. The next part of the research has the literature surveys which are the articles we took up from the published reports. We then analyzed and interpreted the data at length. The last part deals with the suggestions and recommendations that the group has come up with after carefully analyzing and incorporating the opinion of all concerned. Objective of the study In this age of globalization, the world has become too small a place thanks to the electronic media and portals. Communication has become effective as never before thanks to the advent of internet. The social networking sites have also played a crucial role in bridging boundaries and crossing the seas and bringing all people at a common platform where they can meet like minded people or find old friends and communicate with them. It has become a potential mean to relation building and staying in touch with all known. Hence the objective that we wanted to achieve through our research is to: Find out the influence of social networking sites on the personal and professional life of the people- how it affects their relations, what are its uses for each individuals and how have they been influenced by these sites. Methodology The primary methods of data collection that is questionnaire technique was used to collect the data required. Respondents include both male and female. Convenience sampling method has been adopted under the non-probability sampling technique and about 100 samples have been collected for the study. Statistical Tools For Analysis The collected data has been analyzed using percentage analysis and diagrams. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 1) The study has been conducted over a period of 3 months & respondents have been restricted to 100. CHAPTER SCHEME Chapter I It gives a brief introduction about the study, objective, methodology & limitation of the study. Chapter II This chapter includes the literature review Chapter III It covers the analysis and interpretation of the collected data. Chapter IV It covers the various findings and suggestions of the study along with the conclusion. Social Networking Sites There's Something Missing We communicate with family and friends on Facebook, Myspace, and follow people on Twitter, email, texting, but we never stop to think that there is something that is just not there. Social Networking has become our main source of communication. What ever happened to picking up the phone or going over to your loved one's homes to ask them a question? Instead we send them a message via a social network and wait for a response. We have the ability to see what is going on in the lives of people we would never really talk to face-to-face.Why should it matter what they are doing and why, above all, are we so addicted to it? You may have 1000 friends on Facebook, but how many of those friends would be there for you if you really needed them? It is a lot to think about, especially since social networking rapidly evolved. So what is missing? The sound of the voice, facial expressions, hand gestures, are all things that we use to set the mood of the conversation. Why does any of this even matter? Why Does it Matter?Why does it even matter if you can't hear a persons voice, see the expressions on their face, or see any hand gestures that may be going on, when you are having a conversation with them? One word, confusion. When you conmmunicate through a social network you are not really connected ot dedicated to the conversation you are in. You can't give off any emotion to the other person. Misunderstandings and arguments can easily arise this way. For example, someone in the family passes away. You get a message on Myspace informing you. You send a message back and say I am so sad.You get a message back saying it doesn't seem like you are that sad, while you are posting pictures on your profile. Of course to get your message across you could have said, with a tear in my eye, I will never forget that family member, I loved them so much, now sobbing, but not everyone writes like that. Even if they did, the visual effect would give off a more comfor table feeling. You can't really let anyone know that you are truely there for them if you are not face-to-face. What if someone just needs a hug after a long sentimental conversation? You wouldn't be there to do that.Social networking can be good but we don't need to forget our values that we grew up with, and we don't need to forget to pass them on to our children. How can we Increase Face-to-Face Time? Social Networking can become an addiction. It can be a good source for information or sending mass messages or even keeping in contact, on a regular basis, with people who live far away. Social Networking does take away from interacting with others. Some people like that and it's why they do it. Some people don't like to be face-to-face with others, especially when it isn't the best of times to talk to someone.We should all try to increase our face-to-face time though. Put the phone or computer down and go out for lunch with friends and family and talk about your lives. Doing this k eeps your social life active and lets others know you care enough to give them more than a message. When something important happens speak to someone face-to-face. It will make you feel better faster and you will realize that it will help to see emotion on someone face once in a while. Don't completely cut your real social life out and remember to pass that n to your children and this world gets more technology based everyday.Remember what matters. Pick up a phone and call someone instead of texting them. What Do You Think? Any feedback? I would love to know if people agree or disagree with this. It is a big part of life and some people would agree and some are going to disagree. Feedback on a hub like this will show exactly what this is about. Try not to take any of this the wrong way and see how hard it actually is. Arguments are the worst way of communicating online or in text. You really don't know if the other person is upset or just stating an opinion. Don't let Social Network ing substitute for your real social life Social Networking Sites There's Something Missing We communicate with family and friends on Facebook, Myspace, and follow people on Twitter, email, texting, but we never stop to think that there is something that is just not there. Social Networking has become our main source of communication. What ever happened to picking up the phone or going over to your loved one's homes to ask them a question? Instead we send them a message via a social network and wait for a response. We have the ability to see what is going on in the lives of people we would never really talk to face-to-face.Why should it matter what they are doing and why, above all, are we so addicted to it? You may have 1000 friends on Facebook, but how many of those friends would be there for you if you really needed them? It is a lot to think about, especially since social networking rapidly evolved. So what is missing? The sound of the voice, facial expressions, hand gestures, are all things that we use to set the mood of the conversation. Why does any of this even matter? Why Does it Matter?Why does it even matter if you can't hear a persons voice, see the expressions on their face, or see any hand gestures that may be going on, when you are having a conversation with them? One word, confusion. When you conmmunicate through a social network you are not really connected ot dedicated to the conversation you are in. You can't give off any emotion to the other person. Misunderstandings and arguments can easily arise this way. For example, someone in the family passes away. You get a message on Myspace informing you. You send a message back and say I am so sad.You get a message back saying it doesn't seem like you are that sad, while you are posting pictures on your profile. Of course to get your message across you could have said, with a tear in my eye, I will never forget that family member, I loved them so much, now sobbing, but not everyone writes like that. Even if they did, the visual effect would give off a more comfor table feeling. You can't really let anyone know that you are truely there for them if you are not face-to-face. What if someone just needs a hug after a long sentimental conversation? You wouldn't be there to do that.Social networking can be good but we don't need to forget our values that we grew up with, and we don't need to forget to pass them on to our children. How can we Increase Face-to-Face Time? Social Networking can become an addiction. It can be a good source for information or sending mass messages or even keeping in contact, on a regular basis, with people who live far away. Social Networking does take away from interacting with others. Some people like that and it's why they do it. Some people don't like to be face-to-face with others, especially when it isn't the best of times to talk to someone.We should all try to increase our face-to-face time though. Put the phone or computer down and go out for lunch with friends and family and talk about your lives. Doing this k eeps your social life active and lets others know you care enough to give them more than a message. When something important happens speak to someone face-to-face. It will make you feel better faster and you will realize that it will help to see emotion on someone face once in a while. Don't completely cut your real social life out and remember to pass that n to your children and this world gets more technology based everyday.Remember what matters. Pick up a phone and call someone instead of texting them. What Do You Think? Any feedback? I would love to know if people agree or disagree with this. It is a big part of life and some people would agree and some are going to disagree. Feedback on a hub like this will show exactly what this is about. Try not to take any of this the wrong way and see how hard it actually is. Arguments are the worst way of communicating online or in text. You really don't know if the other person is upset or just stating an opinion. Don't let Social Network ing substitute for your real social life

English 101 Young Goodman Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English 101 Young Goodman Paper - Essay Example The third section of the story is once again back in the society. Brown is a changed individual owing to his experience in the forest. He is sad, stern and distrustful. The change in his attitude arises from his loss of faith in humanity as the discussion below portrays. The story is one of self-scrutiny and self-determination. At first, Goodman Brown is a normal member of the society who shares the Puritan beliefs. However, the nigh experience in the forest is symbolic to Christianity’s self-exploration. In the dream like setting, Brown acquires a new view of both himself and his society. Unfortunately, his experiences and understanding of humanity in the forest is troubling. Additionally, the trip into the forest precedes Brown’s three months of marriage a duration within which he had begun doubting some of the basic features of life and faith in his society. At the end of the forest experience, Young Goodman Brown loses faith in a number of social features including salvation, human goodness, faith, salvation and his wife all of which are fundamental features that contributes to the development of a peaceful and cohesive society, like the one he lived in prior to his trip in the forest. In the forest, Brown witnessed most of the town’s people including his wife exhibit peculiar traits such as those exhibited by witches. The experience affects his psychological stability. He becomes withdrawn and refuses to greet his wife immediately he returns to the town in the morning. Losing faith in his wife was among the most basic portrayal of his loss of faith and disbelief in the basic social institutions. He begins interacting with people in the society as though strangers (Hawthorne 7). Young Goodman Brown becomes distrustful, stern and sad because he loses faith in humans owing to the experiences if acquired while in the forest. He loses faith in humanity owing to the high level of hypocrisy he sees. This portrays the fall of man and the

Organizational Behavior in Human Relations Essay

Organizational Behavior in Human Relations - Essay Example Leadership is a process where people are motivated; in fact, â€Å"workers look up to their leaders and feel immensely satisfied if leaders take them into confidence and share their wisdom and experience† (â€Å"Organizational Behavior,† n.d., p. 161). However, it is very unfortunate that despite its importance, there is no best way to create leaders in advance, and there is no consensus on what are the attributes that could help in developing leaders. Leaders are playing a great role in the employee engagement and motivation; thus, this problem has been subject to extensive studies for the purpose of coming up a universal and consistent leadership approach that an individual should need to become an effective leader (Packard, 2009). All organizational behavior/human relation subjects need the cooperation of people, and only leader â€Å"knows how to keep people focused† (Maccoby, 2000, p. 58). Culture is learned over many years; thus, transforming people’ s actual behavior and values called for an intensive and tenacious reinforcement that can be performed by strategic leaders (Osborne & Brown, p. 82). Leaders can make employees more committed, but they can also create a climate of fear, distrust, discouragement, and de-motivation if the leadership style is not appropriate with the context. In fact, there are instances that a change initiative failed because leaders did not thoroughly handled the situation by aligning management practices and organizational behavior. Thus, leadership is vital to the organization, and â€Å"without leadership, nothing will be accomplished† and â€Å"The organization will fall apart† (Homan, 2011, p. 211). 2.0 Solution to the Problem from the Organizational Behavior/Human Relations Based on early leadership theories, leaders are characterized by superior qualities or traits that are endowed to them since birth; thus, the experts concluded that â€Å"leaders are born and not made† ( Adair, 2006, p. 9). However, when experts cannot present a detailed description of the trait to become an effective leader, a behavioral theory emerged. This theory stated that leadership can be learned, trained, and developed. Later on, a contingency theory is developed because of insufficient evidences, and it is centered on situational context wherein an effective leader knew how to adapt and match his or her behaviors to a particular applied context. On the other hand, there is no universal way to become a good leader because the environment is rapidly changing, and organizations need to cope up with this change to be successful. Thus, the best solution is to work as a team and apply the contingency approach through the use of different leadership styles in different contingencies because there is no ‘one best way’ to manage all instances (Burnes, 2009). For organizations to have an effective leadership, they need to identify the situation at hand, recognize the ant ecedents and consequences, develop an appropriate leadership style to discourage negative behaviors, and evaluate the appropriate leadership approaches. 3.0 Evaluate Solutions in Terms of Managerial & Employee Perceptions The contingency approach as a solution to the leadership behavior problem is an advantage on the part of the employee because â€Å"factors such as the type of task, the time available, and the skill of the members determine what type of leadership is most appropriate for a