Strategic Management Toyota Japan

Presentation Toyota is one of the most well known organizations in the car business. This organization began from an exceptionally modest start, however because of key arranging, it has figured out how to accomplish its hierarchical objectives. Japan is the company’s headquarter, and this being its parent branch it has assumed a significant job in motivating the foundation of different branches (Chester, 2004).Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Strategic Management: Toyota Japan explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Now that the organization is positioned among the top associations on the planet, there is more work to be done to guarantee that the position is held. This is on the grounds that there are different organizations that are attempting to accomplish similar objectives. Right now Toyota makes a wide scope of vehicles including Rav4, Prado, and Pajero among numerous others (Kendra, 2009). This paper centers around Toyota’s organi zation, especially key techniques and devices that have prompted its boss execution. Arrangements of Toyota Japan Every association has its own customized approaches that all workers must hold fast to, and this is intended to ensure the accomplishment of hierarchical objectives. Without clear approaches, an association is well on the way to occupy to different worries that were excluded from the ground breaking strategy. It is subsequently imperative to utilize striking arrangements that would go about as the rules when hard times arise (Johnson Scholes, 2008). For example, if a traveler chose to drive to a given goal and it happens that the vehicle stalls, he/she will search for another method of transport to guarantee that he/she gets to the expected goal. As indicated by Dess and Allan (2006), Toyota chiefly centers around long haul objectives whether or not those objectives will ruin the accomplishment of transient objectives. This was confirm in 1973 during the oil emergency th at caused numerous clients who had bought Toyota models to supplant them with different models. This was on the grounds that the huge vehicles were expending a great deal of fuel and in this way, were not viewed as pocket neighborly. In the years that followed, the organization needed to pay high charges for it to send out vehicles to different markets. The administration of Toyota hence chose to work together with General Motors (GM). This move was consistent in light of the fact that it would help in reducing the costs that were brought about on the exports.Advertising Looking for article on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, Bremner and Dawson (2003) contend that Toyota was at first settled as Toyoda and accordingly the brand name must be changed for this organization to be absorbed with its local market. It was seen that the underlying brand name was not speaking to the nearby buyers likely in light of its sound. It was then suggested that the brand name be renamed to Toyota, which sounded much better and elevated the notoriety of the logo and the brand. This methodology was consistent on the grounds that it made it simple for Toyota to enter the Asian market because of its recognition and relationship with the neighborhood tongues. At Toyota, the procedures of creation stream in a consecutive way and this is intended to reveal any fundamental issues that can make the nature of its items be undermined. The strategies of Toyota obviously expresses that in the event that an issue or a flaw is found over the span of creation, the procedures ought to be ended until the issue has been fathomed. In the year 2009, Toyota reviewed a lot of vehicles that were accepted to have defective quickening agent pedals. Despite the fact that the activity cost the organization sincerely, it was viewed as respectable in light of the fact that the picture the organization would have been corrupted and the fiscal fine would have been heftier (Valdes-Dapena, 2010). Lynch (2006) calls attention to that vital administration in an organization’s set up requires aggregate interest of the considerable number of workers. This viewpoint is enormously underlined at Toyota in Japan. This is provided that choices were made in a rush, the members would not get a handle on whatever is contained in the arrangement. The slow procedure of settling on choices is significant on the grounds that it makes space for the choices gave to be investigated. Furthermore, exchange readies the representatives and different partners to be set up for the progressions that may cause changes with respect to how things are finished. Moreover, Toyota’s head office has set up markers that are utilized to direct when the degree of creation ought to be expanded and the other way around. Kendra (2009) concurs this is on the grounds that the car business is an exceptionally powerful area and if the vehicles that are made inside a predetermined period are not sold, they will collect as dead-stock.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Strategic Management: Toyota Japan explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This suggests Toyota should consistently dissect the connection among request and gracefully by alluding to its stock framework; this is through lean assembling. For example, when the oil emergency struck in 1973, at that point it would have been irrational for the organization to keep making the huge trucks while it was clear that the market was moving towards another pattern. Obviously, the interest of Toyota Prius is on the expansion contrasted with different models. This contention has been solidified by the money related reports of 2010, which obviously show the deals of this specific vehicle model had expanded (Micheline, 2010). Potential Causes of Future Changes When alluding to key administration, it is critical to comprehend w hy the progressions come to fruition. The significant inhibitor of changes is the condition that organizations exist. This is to state that associations can be impacted to grasp the progressions with the point of saving our condition. Global associations are applying a great deal of weight on makers to make items utilizing materials that are not hurtful to the earth (Johnson Scholes, 2008). Most definitely, Toyota has needed to modify itself in light of the fact that there have been various mindfulness crusades on the significance of eco-accommodating items. Toyota in this manner understood that on the off chance that it didn't embrace the new pattern, it would before long be shot out of the car business. Vehicles have been seen as the most famous specialists of contamination and along these lines, the makers have been encouraged to think of models that produce insignificant measures of carbon (Lynch, 2006). Toyota has just presented mixture module vehicles, which are controlled by a lithium battery and fuel at the same time. This recommends such vehicles are eco-friendly and simultaneously eco-accommodating. This is the thing that the purchasers in the vehicle business have been searching for. Toyota has along these lines increased its game by coordinating the necessities of the purchasers with their products.Advertising Searching for exposition on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More It is additionally clear that the hardened rivalry in the vehicle business have likewise assumed a significant job in prompting Toyota to utilize a vital arrangement. Chester (2004) calls attention to that different organizations like Ford are likewise making eco-friendly vehicles other than Nissan and Honda brands. In business world, an association must be watching out to recognize the rising patterns or hazard being forgotten about. Key administration is simply determined by hypotheses on the grounds that a great many people may imagine that Toyota is blowing up, yet at that point if this organization was to kick back and hang tight for the day when the interest for electric vehicles will expand, at that point it will undoubtedly bomb in its strategic. This is on the grounds that open doors will in general kindness the elements that are progressively sly and arranged. Actually, this period is utilized to assess Toyota’s readiness in taking care of the changes. This is on the grounds that the organization should be sure that the plans will work in support of its. In any case, it is essential to have a reinforcement plan on the grounds that different changes could happen and impede the acknowledgment of an organization’s mission (Dess Allan, 2006). For example, the ongoing seismic tremor has enormously influenced Toyota’s branch in Japan. This most recent improvement uncovers that mankind has no influence over nature and along these lines reinforcement plans ought to be set up to guarantee authoritative objectives are figured it out. There is a typical expression at Toyota that puts its administrators under commitment to acquaint themselves with the circumstances as they unfurl. This expects them to invest adequate energy with the representatives. This is thought as the surest method of guaranteeing that all partners are focused on the accomplishment of the association. Serious Positioning Toyota is totally dedicated to improving the nature of its items, yet this activity has cost the enterprise a great deal of cash in light of the fact that the vehicles that are eco-accommodating require more assets to make. In any case, Vlasic and Fackler (2008) express that the circumstance is relied upon to cure itself, as more clients buy the new variety of vehicles. Among the progressions fused of late, incorporate the creation of vehicle motors that are controlled by power and fuel. This has put Toyota at the highest point of the rankings contrasted with comparative vehicles that are being fabricated by her rivals, for example, Ford. This is on the grounds that Toyota’s models will in general be interesting in light of the fact that different brands that utilize a similar methodology are just fueled by power. Additionally, Toyota has presented programmed leaving frameworks in its vehicles that are intended to help Motorists Park their vehicles sans hustle. More highlights are yet to be joined in Toyota models since clien ts settle on their decision of a model contingent upon its details (Kendra, 2009). Besides, the methodology of significant worth improvement has truly helped Toyota to arrive at more noteworthy statures. Additionally, the custome

Huge Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor in Teenager

Colossal Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor in Teenager Unique Foundation: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is an uncommon kindhearted neoplasm. The enormous IMT of chest is even once in a while watched and there is hardly any written works depicted the illness. Case introduction: A 17-year-old young lady who experienced a dry hack with right chest torment. Difference upgraded CT demonstrated an enormous heterogeneous mass with calcified plaques. A careful administration methodology was effectively embraced. Expanding doctor attention to this element ought to encourage acknowledgment of its clinical attributes and research facility discoveries. Ends: This case recommends that a seldom colossal and precisely treated IMT in a young person and worried about the radioclinical, histopathological, remedial parts of this infection. Catchphrases Incendiary myofibroblastic tumor, Lung, Surgery Foundation Incendiary myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is an uncommon kind tumor that frequently influences kids. It has been first portrayed by Brunn in 1939 [1] and it represents 0.71% of all lung tumors. [2, 3]. The root of the IMT is obscure, yet late investigations have indicated that it is a genuine tumor instead of a response procedure [4]. Various terms used to portray IMT incorporate provocative pseudotumor, cell fiery pseudotumor, plasma cell granuloma and incendiary fibrosarcoma. This injury comprises of fiery cells and myofibroblastic shaft cells [5, 6]. We report a case with a once in a while colossal and carefully treated IMT in a youngster and worried about the radioclinical, histopathological, helpful parts of this malady. Case introduction A 17-year-old young lady was alluded to our emergency clinic with a 15 days history of right chest and hack without sputum. She denied the accompanying side effects including the nearness ofhoarseness, hemoptysis, anddyspnea. Her clinical history and family ancestry were uneventful. Physical assessment uncovered typical breath sounds in both of the lung fields. The consequences of research center assessments, including blood vessel blood gases, hematology tests and organic chemistry tests, were inside ordinary cutoff points. Her Pulmonary capacity tests and cardiovascular assessment uncovered ordinary execution. Differentiation upgraded chest processed tomography (CT) demonstrated a 18ãâ€"16ãâ€"15 cm heterogeneous mass with calcified plaques attacking the whole right hemithorax and mediastinal move to one side (Fig 1A, 1B). In any case, the patient would not have the bronchoscopic assessment and fine-needle biopsy of the mass. As finding was not built up through imaging, medical pr ocedure was planned. Under general sedation with specific intubation, a gigantic mass (estimating 20ãâ€"17ãâ€"17 cm and weighing 2010g) with second rate vena cava and right pericardium intrusion was found and the correct center and lower projections bronchus seemed encased by the mass. Finally, the neoplasm was totally extracted. The patient experienced a correct center and lower lobectomy, mediocre vena cava angioplasty and halfway resection of pericardium. Mediastinal lymph hub analyzation was likewise practiced. The taking care of vessels of the mass were ligated and the mass was evacuated without tumor spillage or capsular injury. From that point forward, reexpansion of the correct upper flap was watched and a chest tube was put to deplete the pleural hole. A postoperative roentgenogram of the chest demonstrated that the mediastinum had come back to its ordinary position and the correct lung was all around extended. Infinitesimal assessment uncovered a multiplication of standa rd shaft cells showed in fascicles, admixed with lymphocytes, plasma cells and eosinophils. Extra immunohistochemistry with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)- 1 and smooth muscle actin (SMA) uncovered positive and the translocation of the ALK quality was found by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). The outcomes for desmin, S-100, CD99, CD34, Myogenin, EMA and pankeratin were negative. Ki-67 proliferative action was 8%. In light of these information, the analysis of provocative myofibroblastic tumor was held. Histologic determination indicated a negative bronchial edge and lymph hubs liberated from danger. The patient made an uneventful postoperative recuperation and was followed up for two months without proof of repeat to date. Ends Incendiary myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is an uncommon massforming injury portrayed by fibroblastic or myofibroblastic shaft cell multiplication with changing degrees of fiery cell invasion. The World Health Organization (WHO) characterized IMT as a particular element in 1994 [7]. Notwithstanding, the colossal provocative myofibroblastic tumor of chest is even infrequently watched and there is not many written works portrayed the infection (Table). The reason for IMT tumors is hazy, yet an immunological reaction to an irresistible specialist or noninfectious operator stays conceivable [8]. While a few journalists showed that IMT tumors are genuine neoplasms and some accept the IMT tumors to be a poor quality sarcoma with fiery cells as it has a potential for neighborhood repeat, invasion, multicentricity, and infrequently metastases [9]. Likewise, ALK energy is recognized in 36% to 60% of cases and the nearness of chromosomal deviations in these tumors recommends that IMT is a neoplas tic expansion of clonal starting point [10]. For our situation, there was no proof of disease or provocative reaction and no history of injury in her chest. The tumor was single and delineated, and mobile. The IMT influences both genders, at any ages, with a slight transcendence in kids and youthful grown-ups [4, 11]. Most patients are asymptomatic and the tumor is found by chance on a chest X-beam performed for another explanation [4, 11].From the table, the entirety of the four patients were youthful grown-ups and were alluded to the medical clinic with a typical side effect of hack. In our patient, the tumor was found at an early age and the main side effects were dry hack and right chest torment. Radiological angles are eccentric. Chest radiographs are the most for the most part performed imaging study to assess the neoplasm. Most patients have a mass or a pneumonic knob, by and large estimating 1 to 6 cm in width [12]. On CT examines, these tumors shows commonly heterogenous lessening upgrade [6]. Once in a while the tumor can stretch out towards the hilum, mediastinum, pleura or stomach [1, 3]. As recorded in the table, all the spans of masses were enormous and two of them were watched the attack of the mediastinal or the chest divider. There is additionally an expression of alert for our situation that the agent calcifications were seen in the centure of heterogeneous mass and it attacked the substandard vena cava and right pericardium. Infinitesimally the IMT tumor comprises of axle formed cells that are blended in with an incessant fiery segment that comprises of plasma cells, lymphocytes, and periodic histiocytes. Immunohistochemistry for ALK found cytogenetic variations from the norm on chromosome 2p23 is moderately explicit for IMF tumor among the range of fibroblastic-myofibroblastic tumors and other potential mesenchymal impersonates of IMF tumor [13]. The ongoing WHO order of delicate tissue tumors perceives 3 essential variations of IMT: (1) inexactly sorted out myofibroblasts in an edematous myxoid foundation with plasma cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and veins, taking after nodular fasciitis; (2) thick totals of shaft cells showed in a variable myxoid and collagenized foundation and admixed with an unmistakable incendiary penetrate, diffuse bunches of plasma cells, and lymphoid knobs, looking like stringy histiocytoma or fibromatosis; and (3) collagen sheets with dissipated plasma cells and eosinophils taking after a scar or desmoid tumor [14]. The differential analysis of IMT is follicular dendritic cell tumor and fiery pseudotumor. Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS), which was first detailed by Monda et al. in 1986, is an uncommon neoplastic expansion that displays the morphological and immunophenotypic highlights of FDCS that are among the frill cells of the lymphoid framework. The tumor cells displayed positive immunohistochemical recoloring for vimentin, CD21 and CD35 just as negative recoloring for ALK-1 and SMA. Fiery pseudotumors are considerate tumors generally found in the lung and they are described by expansion of axle cells (fibroblasts and myoblasts), with variable quantities of mitoses, and incendiary cells invasion, especially plasma cells. All the more as of late, the nearness of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK 1) recoloring now and again has been proposed to be of an incentive in the affirmation of IMT and in its qualification from different elements. A progression of studies found the translocation of the ALK quality by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) in IMT (16). For our situation, the mass was shaft cell sore with serious atypism and some mitosis. As appeared in Fig 2 (A, B, C), ganglion-like cells were available and the immunohistochemistry result for ALK-1 shows solid energy of tumor cytoplasm and translocation of the ALK quality. In view of these discoveries, her tumor might be extremely forceful. In spite of IMT is a considerate tumor, it is considered by certain creators as a second rate tumor as a result of threatening highlights, for example, nearby obtrusiveness, repeat or harmful change. Complete careful resection is the fitting treatment for IMT. Cerfolio and partners detailed an astounding guess in patients experiencing total resection of aspiratory IMT, with a 5-year endurance pace of 91.3%. In any case, a 60% repeat rate in those accepting fragmented resection has been accounted for in a similar report [15]. Corticosteroid monotherapy may bring about fast goals of the sickness and continued reduction (17, 18). Non-steroidal mitigating specialists (NSAIDs) as lone treatment might be amazingly adequate and recounted reaction to chemotherapy has likewise been accounted for (19). As the writing audited in the table, three patients had the activities by a standard posterolateral thoracotomy. Among them, two dad

Blog Archive MBA News Just Do Not Plagiarize!

Blog Archive MBA News Just Do Not Plagiarize! The essays submitted by applicants to the MBA program at UCLA’s Anderson School of Management go through more than a reading by the school’s admissions committee. Computer software also combs through the documents, carefully checking for any signs of plagiarism. The results of this search are stunning: 52 cases of plagiarism have thus far been discovered at Anderson during the first and second admissions rounds for the Class of 2014, according to Bloomberg Businessweek.   In one case, an applicant essentially lifted two sentences from an essay that had been used by a Boston University MBA candidate in 2003 and that was featured on Bloomberg Businessweek’s Web site that same year as a sample essay. Another candidate pulled copy directly from the Anderson Web site and used it in his application, according to the Los Angeles Times. To perform these searches, the schools are using specialized software from Turnitin, an Oakland, Californiaâ€"based company that began business in the 1990s, focusing primarily on detecting plagiarism in academic work at high schools and colleges. Two years ago, the company launched its service for admissions decisions, and it is now used by as many as 20 business schools, including Brandeis University International Business School and the Northeastern University College of Business Administration, according to published reports. Turnitin has helped uncover plagiarism rates of 3% to 5% in applications submitted to the Smeal College of Business at Pennsylvania State University, for example. Technology “covers a lot more ground” than humans can, Smeal’s MBA managing director, Carrie Marcinkevage, told the Los Angeles Times. For all MBA applicants, take this as a warning: any copying can be discovered, and when it is, it will mostly likely lead to a rejection of admission. This reinforces our assertion that every applicant must write with a unique and fresh approachâ€"and in his or her own wordsâ€"in every essay. If you focus on doing this, no one can ever question your work. Share ThisTweet News

The, Peace, Night, Day, Love, Hate - 1946 Words

Introduction Binaries are embedded within every facet of our perceptions. War, peace, night, day, love, hate; we are inclined to believe that every subject, idea, and thing has a polarizing companion. While this paradigm may be beneficial in understanding the distinction and differences between these pairs, it fails to entertain an idea even more compelling; that these polar opposites may not in fact be that different from one another, and the bold notion that these dichotomies might not be as real as we presume. Art and physics have been traditionally painted as polar opposites; neither resembling the other even remotely. One is rational, objective, and logical, while the other is interpretive, subjective, and, at times, seemingly illogical. While these superficial characteristics make a persuasive argument for an antagonistic relationship between these subjects, it fails to acknowledge their overarching commonality. Both disciplines have rich and prolific histories, saturated with radical ideas , incredible individuals, and ground breaking discoveries and progressions. These rich histories have provided the necessary foundation for the modern interpretations of these subjects and all the wonderful innovations and understandings this modernity has entailed. While many factors, movements, and people are responsible for this progression, two such movements in particular have caused radical paradigm shifts in their respective disciplines. Impressionism and Albert Einstein’sShow MoreRelatedA Comparison Of Beyond The Love Story And West Side Story1483 Words   |  6 PagesBeyond the love story People are always rewriting other people’s stories - consciously or unconsciously - cutting and trimming, pasting, rearranging, and adjusting to new times and circumstances, sometimes adding truly creative elements and occasionally actually improving on the original. 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A Comparison of Two Media Texts Essay - 886 Words

A Comparison of Two Media Texts I am going to compare two articles about medical testing on animals. One is a newspaper article written by Polly Toynbee and is called ‘Sorry, but I think dying people are more important than dumb animals,’ this was published in the Guardian. The other is a leaflet with the title ‘It’s a crying shame’ which is design for animal aid. The Guardian news article is for medical testing on animals. The Animal Aid is against medical testing on animals. Both texts are aimed at the general public who are old enough to have an educated opinion. The newspaper article taken from the Guardian is very basic and is set out like a typical newspaper article would be. The image used†¦show more content†¦The picture of Polly Toynbee in the article from the Guardian does not affect the argument and in my opinion serves no purpose because it has no relevance to the topic of the article. The picture on the front of the Animal Aid leaflet has the purpose of showing how animals suffer during and after they have been put through a series of test that harm them. I think it is a very powerful image and supports the leaflets objective. The other two images on the reverse side of the Animal Aid leaflet have the same affect as the main image on the front. They both portray the suffering of animals during and after harmful tests. Again I think they are very powerful and they support the objectives of the leaflet. ‘It’s a crying shame’ is the title for the Animal Aid. It links in with the picture on the front because the dog seems to be crying. The two combined are very powerful and create a sympathetic attitude for the reader so they are more likely to agree and donate. The words ‘shame’ does not represent anger towards the persons who carry out the medical tests, it is a calm word so it makes you sympathise towards the animals. 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Computer Literacy And Technology Education Essay - 1415 Words

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Non-Fossil Fuel Transportation for Greenhouse Gases-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theNon-Fossil Fuel Transportation for Greenhouse Gases. Answer: Introduction Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy sources that remain the worlds largest sources of energy. It is estimated that in 2013, fossil fuels accounted for 78% of global energy generation(International Energy Agency, 2015). The most common fossil fuels are coal, natural gas, crude oil and petroleum. These energy sources are finite because they get depleted over time. Fossil fuels originate from carbon-based materials. When these fossil fuels are mined/drilled and burnt to generate electricity, large volumes of greenhouse gases are produced. The fossil fuels are not found in many parts of the world and therefore they are usually mined and transported over very long distances to reach end users. This may include transporting from one country to another. The fossil fuels can be transported by rail, truck, river barges, pipelines, etc. Besides transporting fossil fuels, all these means of transportation uses fossil fuels. In the U.S., transportation sector accounts for about 29% of total en ergy consumption(U.S. Energy Information Adminsitration, 2017). Out of this, fossil fuels account for 95% of the total energy consumed in the transportation sector(Institute for Energy Research, 2016). Therefore transportation of fossil fuels produces its own pollution, besides increasing the likelihood of catastrophic accidents(Unon of Concerned Scientists, 2016). In general, fossil fuels generate large volumes of greenhouse gases. For this reason, there is need to explore available non-fossil fuels so as to reduce consumption of and reliance on fossil fuels. This will help in reducing greenhouse gas emissions resulting from mining, transportation, burning and using fossil fuels. The main aim of this report is to investigate various impacts of fossil fuels and identify non-fossil fuels that can be used to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the transportation sector. Non-fossil Fuels Issues Fossil fuels have been in use for many years and their impacts cannot be overemphasized. These non-renewable energy sources have become of great concern over the past few decades due to their contribution to air pollution, global warming and climate change in general(Saeed Tularam, 2017). The increase in global energy demand has resulted to a corresponding increase in demand for fossil fuels. This has led to increased drilling, mining, burning, transportation and use of fossil fuels(Liddle Sadorsky, 2017). All these are associated with generation of greenhouse gases, which have negative social, economic and environmental impacts(Nabavieh, Gholamiangonabadi, Ahangaran, 2015). The devastating effects of climate change, which is contributed by increased burning of fossil fuels, are life-threatening to the present and future generations(Owusu Asumadu-Sarkodie, 2016). For this reason, the need to look for non-fossil fuels that are sustainable to substitute fossil fuels is inevitable(K umar, Fujii, Managi, 2015). This is the only way that the world can win to ensure reliable supply of affordable energy and protection of peoples health and the environment(Kruyt, van Vuuren, de Vries, Groenenberg, 2009);(Pamwar, Kaushik, Kothari, 2011). Transportation is one of the major hidden costs of fossil fuels. After mining, fossil fuels are usually transported over very long distances from mines to end users. The transportation of these fuels produce its own greenhouse gases and pollution. If fossil fuels are substituted with non-fossil fuels, this problem will be resolved because the latter generate power on site(Williauer, et al., 2018). Therefore the most sustainable solution to reduce carbon emissions associated with fossil fuels is to use non-fossil fuels. Factors Hindering Use of Non-Fossil Fuels Considering the negative impacts of fossil fuels, many countries have been making efforts to develop and use non-fossil fuels. However, these efforts have been met with a variety of challenges. One of these major challenges is sustainability of non-fossil fuels. The Chinese government, for example, formulated policies aimed at substituting fossil fuels with non-fossil fuels. However, it was found that the cost of using non-fossil fuels is higher than that of fossil fuels(Xie, Yu, Wang, Liu, 2017). Other key challenges are: high initial capital, inadequate awareness on available non-fossil fuels and their benefits, scalability problems, reliability issues, etc. In general, the barriers affecting use of non-fossil fuels are categorized as: technical barriers, regulatory and political barriers, social-cultural barriers, economic and financial barriers, market-related barriers, and ecological and geographical barriers. These kind of challenges have to be resolved so as to achieve the ob jectives of using non-fossil fuels. Non-Fossil Fuel Options Although fossil fuels still account for the largest energy consumption in the transportation sector, there are several alternatives that can substitute them. Some of these include: ethanol, electricity, hydrogen, propane, methanol, biodiesel and P-Series fuels. All these are renewable energy sources. Renewable electricity is the most reliable non-fossil fuel option as it can be generated anywhere from various sources including wind, solar, hydropower, geothermal, ocean power and bioenergy. Solar energy is energy that is generated from the sun. This energy can be generated from a wide range of technologies, including photovoltaic cells, solar heating systems, solar architecture, solar thermal energy systems, etc. Wind energy is the energy produced by harnessing wind (moving air) using wind turbines or windmills. Hydropower or hydroelectric power is the energy harnessed from fast moving or falling water. Geothermal power is energy generated from steam or geothermal energy (hydrothermal resources). The steam is obtained from hot water reservoirs found several miles below the ground. Ocean power is energy generated from ocean waves, salinity, tides and temperature differences. Bioenergy is the energy produced from biomass (organic materials produced from biological sources, such as sugarcane, wood, straw, wood waste, manure, etc.). There are numerous technologies of producing each of these renewable energies. The viability of generating each of these renewable energies is largely dependent on geographical location. For instance, production of solar energy is more viable in hot regions than in cold regions. The good news is that it is possible to generate more than one type of renewable energy in an area. For example, there is a place that can be suitable for generating solar energy, geothermal energy, bioenergy and wind energy. One of the best ways of increasing adoption of non-fossil fuels is improving the efficiency of systems or technologies used to generate renewable energy. This can be achieved by using more technology to develop technologies that have high conversion rates or efficiencies. For example, if it is a solar system such as photovoltaic cells, it should be able to generate a significant amount of solar energy with very low sunlight intensity. This will resolve the problem of unreliability whereby supply of renewable energy reduces significantly when the renewable energy source decreases. There is also need to develop storage systems for renewable energy. Since renewable energy is generated from natural resources, supply of these resources may be inconsistent due to various reasons such as weather patterns. For the case of solar energy, it is obvious that production is high during the day and reduces significantly during the night. For hydropower, generation is high during rainy seasons and may reduce during dry seasons. To prevent implications of such fluctuations, efficient storage systems should be provided so as to store surplus energy wen production is high and use it when production is low. Conclusions The need to replace fossil fuels with non-fossil fuels is long overdue. Continued use of fossil fuels over the years has resulted to numerous problems, such as air pollution, global warming and climate change, which are now the greatest threats to human safety, survival and economic development(He, 2015). As global energy demand continues to rise rapidly due to growing global population and economic development, the negative impacts of fossil fuels will also continue increasing. One of the major problems of fossil fuels that is not known to many people is the transportation of these fuels. Besides the costs and potential catastrophic disasters, transportation of fossil fuels is associated with emission of greenhouse gases. The transportation, whether by road, railway, pipeline, water, air, etc., consumes the fossil fuels. For example, trucks, ships or trains are powered by diesel oil or petrol, which are produced from fossil fuels. When these resources are burned during transportatio n of fossil fuels, they produce carbon emissions over the entire distance the fuels are transported. To reverse this, there is need to substitute fossil fuels with non-fossil fuels. There are two fundamental benefits of using non-fossil fuels. First, most non-fossil fuels do not need transportation because they are produced onsite. This eliminates any carbon emissions that are associated with transportation. Second, production of energy from non-fossil fuels has near-zero carbon emissions. These two significantly reduces global warming and climate change. Recommendations The war against climate change can only be won if every person plays a role. Governments should be in the forefront to formulate appropriate policies that will boost adoption of non-fossil fuels and depress use of fossil fuels. One of such policies is setting greenhouse gas emission limits that are difficult to attain using fossil fuels. This will force companies and individuals to shift from fossil fuels t non-fossil fuels. There should be severe penalties for anyone who violates these policies. Therefore every country must have her own greenhouse gas emission targets(Wang, et al., 2016), which should be in agreement with global policies such as Kyoto protocol. Governments should provide incentives to developers, promoters and users of non-fossil fuels especially renewable energy, including solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, ocean power, geothermal energy and bioenergy. These incentives should help in eliminating economic and financial barriers of using non-fossil fuels. Besides that, governments should create a regulatory framework that makes it easy for people and companies to sell, buy or use non-fossil fuels. Above all, there should be good political will to promote use of non-fossil fuels. There is also need for relevant stakeholders to increase awareness campaigns so as to educate the public about available non-fossil fuels options, their costs, benefits and opportunities(Tvinnereim Ivarsflaten, 2016). This way, people will become more aware of renewable energies, appreciate them and start adopting them. It will also help overcome social-cultural barriers hindering adoption of non-fossil fuels. Researchers, scientists and engineers should focus on developing more viable, sustainable, efficient, reliable, versatile and affordable non-fossil fuel systems. They should also share knowledge about the latest trends, opportunities, limitations and opportunities in non-fossil fuel systems. This will help in resolving technical barriers and ecological geographical barriers of renewable energies. References He, J. (2015). China's INDC and non-fossil energy development. Advances in Climate Change Research, 210-215. Institute for Energy Research. (2016). Fossil Fuels. Retrieved from Institute for Energy Research: https://instituteforenergyresearch.org/topics/encyclopedia/fossil-fuels/ International Energy Agency. (2015). Renewable Energy Medium-Term Market Report 2015. Instanbul: International Energy Agency. Kruyt, B., van Vuuren, D., de Vries, H., Groenenberg, H. (2009). Indicators for Energy Security. Energy Policy, 2166-2181. Kumar, S., Fujii, H., Managi, S. (2015). Substitute or Complement? Assessing Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy in OECD Countries. Applied Economics, 1438-1459. Liddle, B., Sadorsky, P. (2017). How much does increasing non-fossil fuels in electricity generation reduce carbon dioxide emissions? Applied Energy, 212-221. Nabavieh, A., Gholamiangonabadi, D., Ahangaran, A. (2015). Dynamic Changes in CO2 Emission Performance of Different Types of Iranian Fossil-fuel Power Plants. Energy Economics, 142-150. Owusu, P., Asumadu-Sarkodie, S. (2016). A Review of Renewable Snergy Sources, Sustainability Issues and Climate Change Mitigation. Cogent Engineering, 1-13. Pamwar, N., Kaushik, S., Kothari, S. (2011). Role of Renewable Energy Sources in Environemntal Protection: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 1513-1524. Saeed, T., Tularam, G. (2017). Relations between fossil fuel returns and climate change variables using canonical correlation analysis. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 675-684. Tvinnereim, E., Ivarsflaten, E. (2016). Fossil fuels, employment, and support for climate policies. Energy Policy, 364-371. U.S. Energy Information Adminsitration. (2017, May 19). U.S. Energy Facts Explained. Retrieved from U.S. Energy Information Adminsitration: https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/?page=us_energy_home Unon of Concerned Scientists. (2016, August 30). The Hidden Costs of Fossil Fuels. Retrieved from Union of Concerned Scientists: https://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/coal-and-other-fossil-fuels/hidden-cost-of-fossils#.Wrr1MJpRXIU Wang, L., Patel, P., Yu, S., Liu, B., McLeod, J., Clarke, L., Chen, W. (2016). WinWin strategies to promote air pollutant control policies and non-fossil energy target regulation in China. Applied Energy, 244-253. Williauer, H., Hardy, D., Baldwin, J., DiMascio, F., Williams, F., Bradley, M., Hoheisel, R. (2018). Economic Comparisons of Littoral Production of Low Carbon Fuel from Non-fossil Energy Sources and Seawater. Journal of Cleaner Production, 1473-1483. Xie, H., Yu, Y., Wang, W., Liu, Y. (2017). The Substitutability of Non-fossil Energy, Potential Carbon Emission Reduction and Energy Shadow Prices in China. Energy Policy, 63-71.